{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,4]],"date-time":"2026-09-04T13:45:19Z","timestamp":1788529519196,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":109,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618531200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Interleukin 6 (IL-6) is a prominent proinflammatory cytokine. Neuroinflammation in general, and IL-6 signaling in particular, appear to play a major role in the pathobiology and pathophysiology of aneurysm formation and aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH). Most importantly, elevated IL-6 CSF (rather than serum) levels appear to correlate with delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI, \u201cvasospasm\u201d) and secondary (\u201cvasospastic\u201d) infarctions. IL-6 CSF levels may also reflect other forms of injury to the brain following SAH, i.e., early brain damage and septic complications of SAH and aneurysm treatment. This would explain why many researchers have found an association between IL-6 levels and patient outcomes. These findings clearly suggest CSF IL-6 as a candidate biomarker in SAH patients. However, at this point, discrepant findings in variable study settings, as well as timing and other issues, e.g., defining proper clinical endpoints (i.e., secondary clinical deterioration vs. angiographic vasospasm vs. secondary vasospastic infarct) do not allow for its routine use. It is also tempting to speculate about potential therapeutic measures targeting elevated IL-6 CSF levels and neuroinflammation in SAH patients. Corticosteroids and anti-platelet drugs are indeed used in many SAH cases (not necessarily with the intention to interfere with detrimental inflammatory signaling), however, no convincing benefit has been demonstrated yet. The lack of a robust clinical perspective against the background of a relatively large body of data linking IL-6 and neuroinflammation with the pathophysiology of SAH is somewhat disappointing. One underlying reason might be that most relevant studies only report correlative data. The specific molecular pathways behind elevated IL-6 levels in SAH patients and their various interactions still remain to be delineated. We are optimistic that future research in this field will result in a better understanding of the role of neuroinflammation in the pathophysiology of SAH, which in turn, will translate into the identification of suitable biomarkers and even potential therapeutic targets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084133","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]],"date-time":"2021-04-16T10:20:11Z","timestamp":1618568411000},"page":"4133","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":39,"title":["Interleukin 6 and Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage. A Narrative Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Matthias","family":"Simon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Bethel Clinic, University Hospital, University of Bielefeld Medical School, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexander","family":"Grote","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Bethel Clinic, University Hospital, University of Bielefeld Medical School, 33617 Bielefeld, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1136\/jnnp.2007.117655","article-title":"Incidence of subarachnoid haemorrhage: A systematic review with emphasis on region, age, gender and time trends","volume":"78","author":"Linn","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Neurosurg. 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