{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,11]],"date-time":"2026-07-11T01:42:33Z","timestamp":1783734153791,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":89,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"8","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618704000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Abnormally accelerated, premature placental senescence plays a crucial role in the genesis of pregnancy pathologies. Abnormal growth in the third trimester can present as small for gestational age fetuses or fetal growth restriction. One differs from the other by the presence of signs of placental insufficiency and the risk of stillbirth. The majority of stillbirths occur in normally grown fetuses and are classified as \u201cunexplained\u201d, which often leads to conclusions that they were unpreventable. The main characteristic of aging is a gradual decline in the function of cells, tissues, and organs. These changes result in the accumulation of senescent cells in mitotic tissues. These cells begin the aging process that disrupts tissues\u2019 normal functions by affecting neighboring cells, degrading the extracellular matrix, and reducing tissues\u2019 regeneration capacity. Different degrees of abnormal placentation result in the severity of fetal growth restriction and its sequelae, including fetal death. This review aims to present the current knowledge and identify future research directions to understand better placental aging in late fetal growth restriction and unexplained stillbirth. We hypothesized that the final diagnosis of placental insufficiency can be made only using markers of placental senescence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22084186","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,18]],"date-time":"2021-04-18T22:15:13Z","timestamp":1618784113000},"page":"4186","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":42,"title":["Molecular Pathways of Cellular Senescence and Placental Aging in Late Fetal Growth Restriction and Stillbirth"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3581-8120","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Kajdy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, \u017belazna 90 St., 01-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2648-7921","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Modzelewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, \u017belazna 90 St., 01-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aneta","family":"Cymbaluk-P\u0142oska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Surgery and Gynecological Oncology of Adults and Adolescents, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9847-6589","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewa","family":"Kwiatkowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nephrology, Transplantology and Internal Medicine, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4006-7774","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Bednarek-J\u0119drzejek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wlkp. 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7645-7371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dariusz","family":"Borowski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Clinic of Fetal-Maternal, Gynecology and Neonatology, Collegium Medicum, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Bydgoszcz, \u0141ukasiewicza 1 St., 85-821 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8612-9344","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Stefa\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Obstetrics, Medical University of Gda\u0144sk, Mariana Smoluchowskiego 17 St., 80-214 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Rabijewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Reproductive Health, Centre of Postgraduate Medical Education, \u017belazna 90 St., 01-004 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej","family":"Torb\u00e9","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Obstetrics and Gynecology, Pomeranian Medical University, Al. 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