{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,23]],"date-time":"2026-02-23T12:06:15Z","timestamp":1771848375829,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004488","name":"Hrvatska Zaklada za Znanost","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HRZZ IP-2019-04-4624"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HRZZ IP-2019-04-4624"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004488","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug-specific therapeutic approaches for colorectal cancer (CRC) have contributed to significant improvements in patient health. Nevertheless, there is still a great need to improve the personalization of treatments based on genetic and epigenetic tumor profiles to maximize the quality and efficacy while limiting cytotoxicity. Currently, CEA and CA 19-9 are the only validated blood biomarkers in clinical practice. For this reason, laboratories are trying to identify new specific prognostics and, more importantly, predictive biomarkers for CRC patient profiling. Thus, the unique landscape of personalized biomarker data should have a clinical impact on CRC treatment strategies and molecular genetic screening tests should become the standard method for diagnosing CRC. This review concentrates on recent molecular testing in CRC and discusses the potential modifications in CRC assay methodology with the upcoming clinical application of novel genomic approaches. While mechanisms for analyzing circulating tumor DNA have been proven too inaccurate, detecting and analyzing circulating tumor cells and protein analysis of exosomes represent more promising options. Blood liquid biopsy offers good prospects for the future if the results align with pathologists\u2019 tissue analyses. Overall, early detection, accurate diagnosis and treatment monitoring for CRC with specific markers and targeted molecular testing may benefit many patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094327","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T12:47:07Z","timestamp":1619009227000},"page":"4327","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Profiling Colorectal Cancer in the Landscape Personalized Testing\u2014Advantages of Liquid Biopsy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9106-1604","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatella","family":"Verbanac","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kova\u010di\u0107a 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3709-6328","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"\u010ceri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kova\u010di\u0107a 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Iva","family":"Hlap\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kova\u010di\u0107a 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6304-7506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mehdi","family":"Shakibaei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumour Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aranka","family":"Brockmueller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Musculoskeletal Research Group and Tumour Biology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Anatomy, Ludwig-Maximilian-University Munich, Pettenkoferstrasse 11, D-80336 Munich, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo\u017eo","family":"Kru\u0161lin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Pathology and Cytology \u201cLjudevit Jurak\u201d, University Hospital Centre \u201cSestre milosrdnice\u201d, University of Zagreb, Vinogradska 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5207-4357","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Neven","family":"Ljubi\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre \u201cSestre milosrdnice\u201d, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zagreb, Vinogradska 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"School of Dental Medicine, Gunduli\u0107eva 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Neven","family":"Bar\u0161i\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Medicine, University of Zagreb, \u0160alata 3, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre \u201cSestre milosrdnice\u201d, Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Zagreb, Vinogradska 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8986-0880","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dijana","family":"Detel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20\/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2837-4157","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lara","family":"Bati\u010di\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Bra\u0107e Branchetta 20\/1, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lada","family":"Rumora","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kova\u010di\u0107a 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8573-4294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anita","family":"Somborac-Ba\u010dura","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kova\u010di\u0107a 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3965-3231","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"\u0160tefanovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kova\u010di\u0107a 1, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"},{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Centre \u201cSestre milosrdnice\u201d, University of Zagreb, Vinogradska 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3982-5777","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ivana","family":"\u0106elap","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Chemistry, University Hospital Centre \u201cSestre milosrdnice\u201d, University of Zagreb, Vinogradska 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alma","family":"Demirovi\u0107","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Cytology \u201cLjudevit Jurak\u201d, University Hospital Centre \u201cSestre milosrdnice\u201d, University of Zagreb, Vinogradska 29, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Petlevski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biochemistry and Hematology, Faculty of Pharmacy and Biochemistry, University of Zagreb, Ante Kova\u010di\u0107a 1, 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