{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T07:06:05Z","timestamp":1787900765265,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":212,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1618963200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a self-renewable pool of cells derived from an organism\u2019s somatic cells. These can then be programmed to other cell types, including neurons. Use of iPSCs in research has been two-fold as they have been used for human disease modelling as well as for the possibility to generate new therapies. Particularly in complex human diseases, such as neurodegenerative diseases, iPSCs can give advantages over traditional animal models in that they more accurately represent the human genome. Additionally, patient-derived cells can be modified using gene editing technology and further transplanted to the brain. Glial cells have recently become important avenues of research in the field of neurodegenerative diseases, for example, in Alzheimer\u2019s disease and Parkinson\u2019s disease. This review focuses on using glial cells (astrocytes, microglia, and oligodendrocytes) derived from human iPSCs in order to give a better understanding of how these cells contribute to neurodegenerative disease pathology. Using glia iPSCs in in vitro cell culture, cerebral organoids, and intracranial transplantation may give us future insight into both more accurate models and disease-modifying therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094334","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]],"date-time":"2021-04-21T12:47:07Z","timestamp":1619009227000},"page":"4334","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Utilising Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells in Neurodegenerative Disease Research: Focus on Glia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6129-4992","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katrina","family":"Albert","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Neurosciences, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 0QQ, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2917-7873","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jonna","family":"Niskanen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5553-1114","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"K\u00e4lv\u00e4l\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5055-9414","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0160\u00e1rka","family":"Lehtonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, 70211 Kuopio, Finland"},{"name":"Neuroscience Center, University of Helsinki, 00014 Helsinki, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.22683","article-title":"The Glia\/Neuron Ratio: How It Varies Uniformly across Brain Structures and Species and What That Means for Brain Physiology and Evolution","volume":"62","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"Jetha, M.K. (2012). Adolescent Brain Development Implications for Behavior, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2013.00045","article-title":"Origin and Differentiation of Microglia","volume":"7","author":"Ginhoux","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Cell. 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