{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T04:01:36Z","timestamp":1792814496090,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":266,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619049600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Seminal plasma (SP), the non-cellular component of semen, is a heterogeneous composite fluid built by secretions of the testis, the epididymis and the accessory sexual glands. Its composition, despite species-specific anatomical peculiarities, consistently contains inorganic ions, specific hormones, proteins and peptides, including cytokines and enzymes, cholesterol, DNA and RNA\u2014the latter often protected within epididymis- or prostate-derived extracellular vesicles. It is beyond question that the SP participates in diverse aspects of sperm function pre-fertilization events. The SP also interacts with the various compartments of the tubular genital tract, triggering changes in gene function that prepares for an eventual successful pregnancy; thus, it ultimately modulates fertility. Despite these concepts, it is imperative to remember that SP-free spermatozoa (epididymal or washed ejaculated) are still fertile, so this review shall focus on the differences between the in vivo roles of the SP following semen deposition in the female and those regarding additions of SP on spermatozoa handled for artificial reproduction, including cryopreservation, from artificial insemination to in vitro fertilization. This review attempts, including our own results on model animal species, to critically summarize the current knowledge of the reproductive roles played by SP components, particularly in our own species, which is increasingly affected by infertility. The ultimate goal is to reconcile the delicate balance between the SP molecular concentration and their concerted effects after temporal exposure in vivo. We aim to appraise the functions of the SP components, their relevance as diagnostic biomarkers and their value as eventual additives to refine reproductive strategies, including biotechnologies, in livestock models and humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094368","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]],"date-time":"2021-04-22T13:59:14Z","timestamp":1619099954000},"page":"4368","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":169,"title":["Seminal Plasma: Relevant for Fertility?"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5194-2124","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heriberto","family":"Rodriguez-Martinez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedical &amp; Clinical Sciences (BKV), BKH\/Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Link\u00f6ping University, SE-58185 Link\u00f6ping, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1260-9721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emilio A.","family":"Martinez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5026-3122","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan J.","family":"Calvete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratorio de Ven\u00f3mica Estructural y Funcional, Instituto de Biomedicina de Valencia, C.S.I.C., 46010 Valencia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1311-2947","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando J.","family":"Pe\u00f1a Vega","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Equine Reproduction and Equine Spermatology, Veterinary Teaching Hospital, 10003 Caceres, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4213-3093","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordi","family":"Roca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medicine and Animal Surgery, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, International Excellence Campus for Higher Education and Research \u201cCampus Mare Nostrum\u201d, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1242","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.06.007","article-title":"Influence of seminal plasma on the kinematics of boar spermatozoa during freezing","volume":"70","author":"Saravia","year":"2008","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"662","DOI":"10.1016\/j.theriogenology.2008.09.037","article-title":"Exposure to the seminal plasma of different portions of the boar ejaculate modulates the survival of spermatozoa cryopreserved in MiniFlatPacks","volume":"71","author":"Saravia","year":"2009","journal-title":"Theriogenology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atikuzzaman, M., Alvarez-Rodriguez, M., Vicente-Carrillo, A., Johnsson, M., Wright, D., and Rodriguez-Martinez, H. 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