{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,27]],"date-time":"2026-09-27T03:53:44Z","timestamp":1790481224995,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":87,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619136000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Institutes for Medical Research Development","award":["964334"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["964334"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006769","name":"Russian Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["20-15-00264"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20-15-00264"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006769","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have been classified into several types of disease, of which atherosclerosis is the most prevalent. Atherosclerosis is characterized as an inflammatory chronic disease which is caused by the formation of lesions in the arterial wall. Subsequently, lesion progression and disruption ultimately lead to heart disease and stroke. The development of atherosclerosis is the underlying cause of approximately 50% of all deaths in westernized societies. Countless studies have aimed to improve therapeutic approaches for atherosclerosis treatment; however, it remains high on the global list of challenges toward healthy and long lives. Some patients with familial hypercholesterolemia could not get intended LDL-C goals even with high doses of traditional therapies such as statins, with many of them being unable to tolerate statins because of the harsh side effects. Furthermore, even in patients achieving target LDL-C levels, the residual risk of traditional therapies is still significant thus highlighting the necessity of ongoing research for more effective therapeutic approaches with minimal side effects. Decoy-based drug candidates represent an opportunity to inhibit regulatory pathways that promote atherosclerosis. In this review, the potential roles of decoys in the treatment of atherosclerosis were described based on the in vitro and in vivo findings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094420","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1619179710000},"page":"4420","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Decoy Technology as a Promising Therapeutic Tool for Atherosclerosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Maryam","family":"Mahjoubin-Tehran","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1856-7289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yong","family":"Teng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Amin","family":"Jalili","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seyed Hamid","family":"Aghaee-Bakhtiari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Bioinformatics Research Group, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6649-7924","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander M.","family":"Markin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Institute of Human Morphology, 3 Tsyurupa Street, 117418 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8656-1444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amirhossein","family":"Sahebkar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"},{"name":"Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"},{"name":"School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177948564, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/14728214.2017.1269743","article-title":"Inflammation and beyond: New directions and emerging drugs for treating atherosclerosis","volume":"22","author":"Bertrand","year":"2017","journal-title":"Expert Opin. 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