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In this review, psychiatric symptoms observed along the course of several neurological diseases, namely Alzheimer\u2019s disease, fronto-temporal dementia, Parkinson\u2019s disease, Huntington\u2019s disease, and multiple sclerosis, are discussed, as well as the involved brain circuits and molecular\/synaptic alterations. Special attention has been paid to the emerging role of fluid biomarkers in early detection of these neurodegenerative diseases. The frequent occurrence of psychiatric symptoms in neurological diseases, even as the first clinical manifestations, should prompt neurologists and psychiatrists to share a common clinico-biological background and a coordinated diagnostic approach.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094440","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]],"date-time":"2021-04-23T12:08:30Z","timestamp":1619179710000},"page":"4440","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Insights into the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Symptoms in Central Nervous System Disorders: Implications for Early and Differential Diagnosis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Giulia","family":"Menculini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Chipi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federico","family":"Paolini Paoletti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3967-8954","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lorenzo","family":"Gaetani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2736-0095","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pasquale","family":"Nigro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3715-660X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Simoni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0817-4729","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andrea","family":"Mancini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola","family":"Tambasco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Massimiliano","family":"Di Filippo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Tortorella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Psychiatry, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Lucio Severi 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5722-3967","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucilla","family":"Parnetti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Neurology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Perugia, Piazzale Gambuli 1, 06132 Perugia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1017\/S1092852915000929","article-title":"Comorbidity between neurological illness and psychiatric disorders","volume":"21","author":"Hesdorffer","year":"2016","journal-title":"CNS Spectr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1007\/s00415-019-09426-6","article-title":"Psychiatric disorders in multiple sclerosis","volume":"268","author":"Sparaco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. 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