{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T00:35:44Z","timestamp":1793320544912,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":58,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]],"date-time":"2021-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619395200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Functional nanocomposites with biopolymers and zinc oxide (ZnO) nanoparticles is an emerging application of photocatalysis in antifouling coatings. The reduced chemical stability of ZnO in the acidic media in which chitosan is soluble affects the performance of chitosan nanocomposites in antifouling applications. In this study, a thin shell of amorphous tin dioxide (SnOx) was grown on the surface of ZnO to form ZnO\u2013SnOx core\u2013shell nanoparticles that improved the chemical stability of the photocatalyst nanoparticles, as examined at pH 3 and 6. The photocatalytic activity of ZnO\u2013SnOx in the degradation of methylene blue (MB) dye under visible light showed a higher efficiency than that of ZnO nanoparticles due to the passivation of electronic defects. Chitosan-based antifouling coatings with varying percentages of ZnO or ZnO\u2013SnOx nanoparticles, with or without the glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinking of chitosan, were developed and studied. The incorporation of photocatalysts into the chitosan matrix enhanced the thermal stability of the coatings. Through a mesocosm study using running natural seawater, it was found that chitosan\/ZnO\u2013SnOx\/GA coatings enabled better inhibition of bacterial growth compared to chitosan coatings alone. This study demonstrates the antifouling potential of chitosan nanocomposite coatings containing core\u2013shell nanoparticles as an effective solution for the prevention of biofouling.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094513","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T02:31:43Z","timestamp":1619490703000},"page":"4513","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":61,"title":["Chitosan Nanocomposite Coatings Containing Chemically Resistant ZnO\u2013SnOx Core\u2013shell Nanoparticles for Photocatalytic Antifouling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3017-4872","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Santosh","family":"Kumar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Food Engineering and Technology, Central Institute of Technology, Kokrajhar 783370, India"},{"name":"Functional Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfv\u00e9ns v\u00e4g 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1679-1316","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fei","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfv\u00e9ns v\u00e4g 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Babak","family":"Mazinani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Materials Engineering, Malayer University, Malayer 65719-95863, Iran"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sergey","family":"Dobretsov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Marine Science, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 34, Al Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman"},{"name":"Center of Excellence in Marine Biotechnology, Sultan Qaboos University, PO Box 50, Al Khoud, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0074-3504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joydeep","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Functional Materials Group, Department of Applied Physics, School of Engineering Sciences, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, Hannes Alfv\u00e9ns v\u00e4g 12, 114 19 Stockholm, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.3354\/meps058175","article-title":"Marine epibiosis. 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