{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T20:39:40Z","timestamp":1792096780700,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":161,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619481600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a challenging clinical event in medicine, particularly because of its ability to present with a variety of phenotypes including that of autoimmune hepatitis or other immune mediated liver injuries. Limited diagnostic and therapeutic tools are available, mostly because its pathogenesis has remained poorly understood for decades. The recent scientific and technological advancements in genomics and immunology are paving the way for a better understanding of the molecular aspects of DILI. This review provides an updated overview of the genetic predisposition and immunological mechanisms behind the pathogenesis of DILI and presents the state-of-the-art experimental models to study DILI at the pre-clinical level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094557","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]],"date-time":"2021-04-27T06:19:11Z","timestamp":1619504351000},"page":"4557","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":81,"title":["Immune-Mediated Drug-Induced Liver Injury: Immunogenetics and Experimental Models"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5086-0514","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessio","family":"Gerussi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ambra","family":"Natalini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6369-2249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fabrizio","family":"Antonangeli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7464-1749","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Clara","family":"Mancuso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elisa","family":"Agostinetto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Trials Promoting Team, Institut Jules Bordet, L\u2019Universite\u2019 Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), 1050 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Medical Oncology and Hematology Unit, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center\u2014IRCCS, Humanitas Cancer Center, Rozzano, 20089 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, Pieve Emanuele, 20090 Milan, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4592-6221","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donatella","family":"Barisani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Francesca","family":"Di Rosa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biology and Pathology (IBPM), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 00185 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1565-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raul","family":"Andrade","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Hep\u00e1ticas y Digestivas (CIBERehd), UGC Aparato Digestivo, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica de M\u00e1laga-IBIMA, Hospital Universitario Virgen de la Victoria, Universidad de M\u00e1laga, 29016 M\u00e1laga, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3262-1998","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pietro","family":"Invernizzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Autoimmune Liver Diseases, Division of Gastroenterology, Department of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20900 Monza, Italy"},{"name":"European Reference Network on Hepatological Diseases (ERN RARE-LIVER), San Gerardo Hospital, 20900 Monza, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1816149","article-title":"Drug-Induced Liver Injury\u2014Types and Phenotypes","volume":"381","author":"Hoofnagle","year":"2019","journal-title":"N. 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