{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:31:46Z","timestamp":1787614306322,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619568000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Atherosclerosis is a multifactorial vascular disease that leads to inflammation and stiffening of the arteries and decreases their elasticity due to the accumulation of calcium, small dense Low Density Lipoproteins (sdLDL), inflammatory cells, and fibrotic material. A review of studies pertaining to cardiometabolic risk factors, lipids alterations, hypolipidemic agents, nutraceuticals, hypoglycaemic drugs, atherosclerosis, endothelial dysfunction, and inflammation was performed. There are several therapeutic strategies including Proprotein Convertase Subtilisin\/Kexin 9 (PCSK9) inhibitors, inclisiran, bempedoic acid, Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor agonists (GLP-1 RAs), and nutraceuticals that promise improvement in the atheromatous plaque from a molecular point of view, because have actions on the exposure of the LDL-Receptor (LDL-R), on endothelial dysfunction, activation of macrophages, on lipid oxidation, formations on foam cells, and deposition extracellular lipids. Atheroma plaque reduction both as a result of LDL-Cholesterol (LDL-C) intensive lowering and reducing inflammation and other residual risk factors is an integral part of the management of atherosclerotic disease, and the use of valid therapeutic alternatives appear to be appealing avenues to solving the problem.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094633","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]],"date-time":"2021-04-28T10:41:58Z","timestamp":1619606518000},"page":"4633","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Novel Therapeutical Approaches to Managing Atherosclerotic Risk"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Rosaria Vincenza","family":"Giglio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0555-526X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anca","family":"Pantea Stoian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Faculty of General Medicine, Carol Davila University, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Khalid","family":"Al-Rasadi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Research Centre, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat 123, Oman"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Banach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hypertension, Chair of Nephrology and Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Polish Mother\u2019s Memorial Hospital Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland"},{"name":"Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Zielona Gora, 65-417 Zielona Gora, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angelo Maria","family":"Patti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6120-9041","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marcello","family":"Ciaccio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience, and Advanced Diagnostics, Institute of Clinical Biochemistry, Clinical Molecular Medicine and Laboratory Medicine, University of Palermo, 90127 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Laboratory Medicine, University-Hospital, 90127 Palermo, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3714-0790","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali A.","family":"Rizvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Lipids, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9549-8504","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Manfredi","family":"Rizzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Diabetes, Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Department, Faculty of General Medicine, Carol Davila University, 050474 Bucharest, Romania"},{"name":"Department of Health Promotion, Mother and Child Care, Internal Medicine and Medical Specialties, University of Palermo, 90133 Palermo, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, School of Medicine, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC 29208, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2015.12.002","article-title":"Anti-cytokine therapy for prevention of atherosclerosis","volume":"23","author":"Kirichenko","year":"2016","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5551\/jat.2600","article-title":"An update on the role of markers of inflammation in atherosclerosis","volume":"17","author":"Corrado","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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