{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T03:08:21Z","timestamp":1790392101919,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["grant agreement \u2116 075-15-2020-795, state contract \u2116 13.1902.21.0027 of 29.09.2020, unique project ID: RF-190220X0027"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["grant agreement \u2116 075-15-2020-795, state contract \u2116 13.1902.21.0027 of 29.09.2020, unique project ID: RF-190220X0027"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Development of differential and early (preclinical) diagnostics of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) is among the priorities in neuroscience. We searched for changes in the level of catecholamines and \u03b1-2-macroglobulin activity in the tear fluid (TF) in PD patients at an early clinical stage. It was shown that TF in patients is characterized by an increased level of noradrenaline mainly on the ipsilateral side of pronounced motor symptoms (72%, p = 0.049), a decreased level of adrenaline on both sides (ipsilateral\u201453%, p = 0.004; contralateral\u201442%, p = 0.02), and an increased \u03b1-2-macroglobulin activity on both sides (ipsilateral\u201453%, p = 0.03; contralateral\u201456%, p = 0.037) compared to controls. These changes are considered as potential biomarkers for differential diagnosis. Similar changes in the TF were found in 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP)-treated mice when modeling clinical and preclinical stages of PD. These data show the adequacy of models to the pathogenesis of PD along the selected metabolic pathways, and also suggest that the found TF changes can be considered as potential biomarkers for preclinical diagnosis of PD. In Parkinsonian mice, the level of catecholamines also changes in the lacrimal glands, which makes it possible to consider them as one of the sources of catecholamines in the TF.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094736","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:30:41Z","timestamp":1619692241000},"page":"4736","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["A Pilot Study of Changes in the Level of Catecholamines and the Activity of \u03b1-2-Macroglobulin in the Tear Fluid of Patients with Parkinson\u2019s Disease and Parkinsonian Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Vsevolod","family":"Bogdanov","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3636-1820","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina","family":"Nodel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 8\/2 Trubetskaya Street, 119991 Moscow, Russia"},{"name":"Russian Clinical and Research Center of Gerontology, 16 1st Leonova Street, 129226 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tatiana","family":"Pavlenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 14\/19 Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya Street, 105062 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ekaterina","family":"Pavlova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Victor","family":"Blokhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Chesnokova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Helmholtz Moscow Research Institute of Eye Diseases of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, 14\/19 Sadovaya-Chernogryazskaya Street, 105062 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Ugrumov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Koltzov Institute of Developmental Biology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, 26 Vavilova Street, 119334 Moscow, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.26424","article-title":"MDS clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Postuma","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mov. 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