{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T22:51:20Z","timestamp":1787611880647,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619654400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"The Medical Research Center Program through the National Research Foundation of Korea funded by the Ministry of Science, ICT and Future Planning","award":["2015R1A5A2009124"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2015R1A5A2009124"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>We investigated the effectiveness of the transforming growth factor beta-1 (TGF-\u03b2) receptor inhibitor GW788388 on the epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) using human peritoneal mesothelial cells (HPMCs) and examined the effectiveness of GW788388 on the peritoneal membrane using a peritoneal fibrosis mouse model. HPMCs were treated with TGF-\u03b2 with or without GW788388. Animal experiments were conducted on male C57\/BL6 mice. Peritoneal fibrosis was induced by intraperitoneal injection of chlorhexidine gluconate. GW788388 was administered by once-daily oral gavage. The morphological change, cell migration, and invasion resulted from TGF-\u03b2 treatment, but these changes were attenuated by cotreatment with GW788388. TGF-\u03b2-treated HPMCs decreased the level of the epithelial cell marker and increased the levels of the mesenchymal cell markers. Cotreatment with GW788388 reversed these changes. Phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3 protein levels were stimulated with TGF-\u03b2 and the change was attenuated by cotreatment with GW788388. For the peritoneal fibrosis mice, thickness and collagen deposition of parietal peritoneum was increased, but this change was attenuated by cotreatment with GW788388. GW788388, an orally available potent TGF-\u03b2 receptor type 1 inhibitor, effectively attenuated TGF-\u03b2-induced EMT in HPMCs. Cotreatment with GW788388 improved peritoneal thickness and fibrosis, and recovered peritoneal membrane function in a peritoneal fibrosis mouse model.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094739","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]],"date-time":"2021-04-29T10:30:41Z","timestamp":1619692241000},"page":"4739","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Effects of TGF-\u03b21 Receptor Inhibitor GW788388 on the Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition of Peritoneal Mesothelial Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Yunmee","family":"Lho","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jun-Young","family":"Do","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jung-Yoon","family":"Heo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Smart-Aging Convergence Research Center, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"A-Young","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sang-Woon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastro-Enterology, Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1023-0195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seok-Hui","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Yeungnam University, Daegu 42415, Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.23876\/j.krcp.19.049","article-title":"Effects of tranilast on the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in peritoneal mesothelial cells","volume":"38","author":"Kang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Res. 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