{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,11]],"date-time":"2026-05-11T00:57:44Z","timestamp":1778461064182,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1619827200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01EY027749"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01EY027749"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24EY028764"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24EY028764"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R24EY028764-01A1S1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R24EY028764-01A1S1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R43EY031238"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43EY031238"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R43EY031643"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R43EY031643"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"National Eye Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R41EY027665"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R41EY027665"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000041","name":"American Diabetes Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1-18-IBS-172"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1-18-IBS-172"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000041","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is an ocular vascular disease affecting premature infants, characterized by pathological retinal neovascularization (RNV), dilated and tortuous retinal blood vessels, and retinal or vitreous hemorrhages that may lead to retinal detachment, vision impairment and blindness. Compared with other neovascular diseases, ROP is unique because of ongoing and concurrent physiological and pathological angiogenesis in the developing retina. While the disease is currently treated by laser or cryotherapy, anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) agents have been extensively investigated but are not approved in the U.S. because of safety concerns that they negatively interfere with physiological angiogenesis of the developing retina. An ideal therapeutic strategy would selectively inhibit pathological but not physiological angiogenesis. Our group recently described a novel strategy that selectively and safely alleviates pathological RNV in animal models of ROP by targeting secretogranin III (Scg3), a disease-restricted angiogenic factor. The preclinical profile of anti-Scg3 therapy presents a high potential for next-generation disease-targeted anti-angiogenic therapy for the ROP indication. This review focuses on retinal vessel development in neonates, the pathogenesis of ROP and its underlying molecular mechanisms, including different animal models, and provides a summary of current and emerging therapies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094809","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]],"date-time":"2021-05-01T21:35:39Z","timestamp":1619904939000},"page":"4809","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":52,"title":["Concurrent Physiological and Pathological Angiogenesis in Retinopathy of Prematurity and Emerging Therapies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7971-883X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chang","family":"Dai","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keith A.","family":"Webster","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL 33136, USA"},{"name":"Everglades Biopharma, LLC, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Amit","family":"Bhatt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"},{"name":"Texas Children Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Everglades Biopharma, LLC, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guanfang","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130041, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1445","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(13)60178-6","article-title":"Retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"382","author":"Smith","year":"2013","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ophtha.2014.07.050","article-title":"Pathophysiology and mechanisms of severe retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"122","author":"Hartnett","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ophthalmology"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaapos.2012.12.155","article-title":"Effects of oxygen on the development and severity of retinopathy of prematurity","volume":"17","author":"Hartnett","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. 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