{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,30]],"date-time":"2026-10-30T22:41:16Z","timestamp":1793400076694,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]],"date-time":"2021-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620000000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine, 5-HT) plays two important roles in humans\u2014one central and the other peripheral\u2014depending on the location of the 5-HT pools of on either side of the blood-brain barrier. In the central nervous system it acts as a neurotransmitter, controlling such brain functions as autonomic neural activity, stress response, body temperature, sleep, mood and appetite. This role is very important in intensive care, as in critically ill patients multiple serotoninergic agents like opioids, antiemetics and antidepressants are frequently used. High serotonin levels lead to altered mental status, deliria, rigidity and myoclonus, together recognized as serotonin syndrome. In its role as a peripheral hormone, serotonin is unique in controlling the functions of several organs. In the gastrointestinal tract it is important for regulating motor and secretory functions. Apart from intestinal motility, energy metabolism is regulated by both central and peripheral serotonin signaling. It also has fundamental effects on hemostasis, vascular tone, heart rate, respiratory drive, cell growth and immunity. Serotonin regulates almost all immune cells in response to inflammation, following the activation of platelets.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T11:06:01Z","timestamp":1620212761000},"page":"4837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":188,"title":["Serotonin\u2014Its Synthesis and Roles in the Healthy and the Critically Ill"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Marcela","family":"Kanova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anaesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, University Hospital Ostrava, 70852 Ostrava-Poruba, Czech Republic"},{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ostrava, Syllabova 19, 70300 Ostrava-V\u00edtkovice, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pavel","family":"Kohout","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, 3rd Faculty of Medicine, Charles University Prague and Teaching Thomayer Hospital, 14059 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.06.015","article-title":"Beyond a neurotransmitter: The role of serotonin in inflammation and immunity","volume":"140","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. 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