{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T00:54:49Z","timestamp":1790816089784,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620172800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"La Ligue Contre le Cancer","award":["Equipe Labelis\u00e9e"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Equipe Labelis\u00e9e"]}]},{"name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","award":["ANR-11-LABX-0028-01, ANR-18-CE14-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-11-LABX-0028-01, ANR-18-CE14-0012"]}]},{"name":"Worldwide Cancer Research","award":["18-0437"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["18-0437"]}]},{"name":"Fondation pour la Recherche M\u00e9dicale","award":["FRM SPF201809007141"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["FRM SPF201809007141"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Many adrenocortical diseases are more prevalent in women than in men, but the reasons underlying this sex bias are still unknown. Recent studies involving gonadectomy and sex hormone replacement experiments in mice have shed some light onto the molecular basis of sexual dimorphism in the adrenal cortex. Indeed, it has been shown that gonadal hormones influence many aspects of adrenal physiology, ranging from stem cell-dependent tissue turnover to steroidogenesis and X-zone dynamics. This article reviews current knowledge on adrenal cortex sexual dimorphism and the potential mechanisms underlying sex hormone influence of adrenal homeostasis. Both topics are expected to contribute to personalized and novel therapeutic approaches in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094889","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]],"date-time":"2021-05-05T11:06:01Z","timestamp":1620212761000},"page":"4889","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["The Sexually Dimorphic Adrenal Cortex: Implications for Adrenal Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4974-5567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rodanthi","family":"Lyraki","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Schedl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Universit\u00e9 C\u00f4te d\u2019Azur, Inserm, CNRS, Institut de Biologie Valrose, 06108 Nice, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2020.06.016","article-title":"Genetics and Epigenetics of Sex Bias: Insights from Human Cancer and Autoimmunity","volume":"36","author":"Credendino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc.2016.30","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in cancer","volume":"16","author":"Clocchiatti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15475","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15475","article-title":"Prevalence of sexual dimorphism in mammalian phenotypic traits","volume":"8","author":"Karp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stemcr.2020.08.001","article-title":"Androgen Maintains Intestinal Homeostasis by Inhibiting BMP Signaling via Intestinal Stromal Cells","volume":"15","author":"Yu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Stem Cell Reports"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"290","DOI":"10.1016\/j.stem.2019.04.012","article-title":"The Adult Adrenal Cortex Undergoes Rapid Tissue Renewal in a Sex-Specific Manner","volume":"25","author":"Grabek","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Stem Cell"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, X., Mcclusky, R., Chen, J., Beaven, S.W., and Tontonoz, P. (2012). The Number of X Chromosomes Causes Sex Differences in Adiposity in Mice. PLoS Genet, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1002709"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002","article-title":"Sex bias in neuroscience and biomedical research","volume":"35","author":"Beery","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"(2020). Accounting for sex and gender makes for better science. Nature, 588, 196.","DOI":"10.1038\/d41586-020-03459-y"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"E883","article-title":"Zone-specific cell proliferation during adrenocortical regeneration after enucleation in rats","volume":"289","author":"Ennen","year":"2005","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coemr.2019.07.009","article-title":"Regulation of stem and progenitor cells in the adrenal cortex","volume":"8","author":"Finco","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Endocr. Metab. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oikonomakos, I., Weerasinghe Arachchige, L.C., and Schedl, A. (2021). Developmental mechanisms of adrenal cortex formation and their links with adult progenitor populations. Mol. Cell. Endocrinol., 524.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2021.111172"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61375-1","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"386","author":"Lacroix","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"117","article-title":"Incidence and Late Prognosis of Cushing\u2019s Syndrome: A Population-Based Study 1","volume":"86","author":"Lindholm","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1159\/000314297","article-title":"Epidemiology of Cushing\u2019s syndrome","volume":"92","author":"Steffensen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2085","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2008-2333","article-title":"Mutations in regulatory subunit type 1A of cyclic adenosine 5\u2032-monophosphate-dependent protein kinase (PRKAR1A): Phenotype analysis in 353 patients and 80 different genotypes","volume":"94","author":"Bertherat","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1037","DOI":"10.1007\/s00345-012-1011-1","article-title":"Adrenal tumours are more predominant in females regardless of their histological subtype: A review","volume":"31","author":"Audenet","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crona, J., and Beuschlein, F. (2019). Adrenocortical carcinoma\u2014Towards genomics guided clinical care. Nat. Rev. Endocrinol., 15.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41574-019-0221-7"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2010.235","article-title":"Adrenocortical carcinoma: A clinician\u2019s update","volume":"7","author":"Fassnacht","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM199004263221705","article-title":"Clinical features of adrenocortical carcinoma, prognostic factors, and the effect of mitotane therapy","volume":"322","author":"Luton","year":"1990","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3145","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(19931201)72:11<3145::AID-CNCR2820721105>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Adrenal cortical carcinoma. Epidemiology and treatment with mitotane and a review of the literature","volume":"72","author":"Wooten","year":"1993","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"891","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-13-0519","article-title":"Adrenocortical carcinoma: Clinical outcomes and prognosis of 330 patients at a tertiary care Center","volume":"169","author":"Jasim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Scollo, C., Russo, M., Trovato, M.A., Sambataro, D., Giuffrida, D., Manusia, M., Sapuppo, G., Malandrino, P., Vigneri, R., and Pellegriti, G. (2016). Prognostic factors for adrenocortical carcinoma outcomes. Front. Endocrinol. (Lausanne)., 7.","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2016.00099"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/S0094-0143(05)70089-6","article-title":"Adrenocortical carcinoma in children: Review and recent innovations","volume":"27","author":"Liou","year":"2000","journal-title":"Urol. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2004.08.085","article-title":"Clinical and outcome characteristics of children with adrenocortical tumors: A report from the international pediatric adrenocortical tumor registry","volume":"22","author":"Michalkiewicz","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1490273","article-title":"Prevalence and natural history of adrenal incidentalomas","volume":"149","author":"Barzon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1530\/eje.0.1430111","article-title":"Outcome in patients with adrenal incidentaloma selected for surgery: An analysis of 88 cases investigated in a single clinical center","volume":"143","author":"Luton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"768","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1198785","article-title":"K+ channel mutations in adrenal aldosterone-producing adenomas and hereditary hypertension","volume":"331","author":"Choi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.114.03419","article-title":"Genetic spectrum and clinical correlates of somatic mutations in aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"64","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"592","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.111.186478","article-title":"Prevalence, clinical, and molecular correlates of KCNJ5 mutations in primary aldosteronism","volume":"59","author":"Boulkroun","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1089","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2015-2149","article-title":"A meta-analysis of somatic KCNJ5 K+ channel mutations in 1636 patients with an aldosterone-producing adenoma","volume":"100","author":"Lenzini","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601934","article-title":"Invalidation of TASK1 potassium channels disrupts adrenal gland zonation and mineralocorticoid homeostasis","volume":"27","author":"Heitzmann","year":"2008","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"757","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.1994.tb02790.x","article-title":"Eighty-six cases of Addison\u2019s disease","volume":"41","author":"Kong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol. (Oxf)."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"618","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem.87.2.8192","article-title":"Autoimmune Adrenocortical Failure in Norway Autoantibodies and Human Leukocyte Antigen Class II Associations Related to Clinical Features","volume":"87","author":"Myhre","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bielohuby, M., Herbach, N., Wanke, R., Maser-Gluth, C., Beuschlein, F., Wolf, E., and Hoeflich, A. (2007). Growth analysis of the mouse adrenal gland from weaning to adulthood: Time- and gender-dependent alterations of cell size and number in the cortical compartment. Am. J. Physiol. - Endocrinol. Metab., 293.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00705.2006"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R51","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-18-0632","article-title":"The transient cortical zone in the adrenal gland: The mystery of the adrenal X-zone","volume":"241","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chang, S.P., Morrison, H.D., Nilsson, F., Kenyon, C.J., West, J.D., and Morley, S.D. (2013). Cell proliferation, movement and differentiation during maintenance of the adult mouse adrenal cortex. PLoS One, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0081865"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21185","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0909471106","article-title":"Shh signaling regulates adrenocortical development and identifies progenitors of steroidogenic lineages","volume":"106","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2009-0814","article-title":"Progenitor Cell Expansion and Organ Size of Mouse Adrenal Is Regulated by Sonic Hedgehog","volume":"151","author":"Huang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.devcel.2013.09.003","article-title":"WT1 maintains adrenal-gonadal primordium identity and marks a population of AGP-like progenitors within the adrenal gland","volume":"27","author":"Bandiera","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Cell"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12997","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1814072115","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of adrenocortical progenitors involved in the adaptation to stress","volume":"115","author":"Steenblock","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"163","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.90.163","article-title":"Functional zonation of the rat adrenal cortex: The development and maintenance","volume":"90","author":"Mitani","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Japan Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"568","DOI":"10.1007\/s10517-019-04573-2","article-title":"Role of Transcription Factor Oct4 in Postnatal Development and Function of the Adrenal Cortex","volume":"167","author":"Yaglova","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bull. Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dumontet, T., Sahut-Barnola, I., Septier, A., Montanier, N., Plotton, I., Roucher-Boulez, F., Ducros, V., Lefran\u00e7ois-Martinez, A.-M., Pointud, J.-C., and Zubair, M. (2018). PKA signaling drives reticularis differentiation and sexually dimorphic adrenal cortex renewal. JCI insight, 3.","DOI":"10.1172\/jci.insight.98394"},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cushing\u2019s syndrome and fetal features resurgence in adrenal cortex-specific Prkar1a knockout mice","volume":"6","author":"Val","year":"2010","journal-title":"PLoS Genet."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1561","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddq029","article-title":"Constitutive \u03b2-catenin activation induces adrenal hyperplasia and promotes adrenal cancer development","volume":"19","author":"Berthon","year":"2010","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3738","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2017-00098","article-title":"Targeted disruption of YAP and TAZ impairs the maintenance of the adrenal cortex","volume":"158","author":"Levasseur","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E12265","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1809185115","article-title":"Steroidogenic differentiation and PKA signaling are programmed by histone methyltransferase EZH2 in the adrenal cortex","volume":"115","author":"Mathieu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5282","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-020-1358-5","article-title":"Wnt\/\u03b2-catenin activation cooperates with loss of p53 to cause adrenocortical carcinoma in mice","volume":"39","author":"Borges","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1017","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajpath.2012.05.026","article-title":"Progression to adrenocortical tumorigenesis in mice and humans through insulin-like growth factor 2 and \u03b2-catenin","volume":"181","author":"Heaton","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.5603\/FHC.a2015.0012","article-title":"Expression of estrogen, estrogen related and androgen receptors in adrenal cortex of intact adult male and female rats","volume":"53","author":"Trejter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Folia Histochem. Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gannon, A.-L., O\u2019Hara, L., Mason, J.I., J\u00f8rgensen, A., Frederiksen, H., Milne, L., Smith, S., Mitchell, R.T., and Smith, L.B. (2019). Androgen receptor signalling in the male adrenal facilitates X-zone regression, cell turnover and protects against adrenal degeneration during ageing. Sci. Rep., 9.","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-46049-3"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2659","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.137.7.8770883","article-title":"Regulation of immunoreactive androgen receptor in the adrenal gland of the adult rat","volume":"137","author":"Bentvelsen","year":"1996","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s13293-019-0219-9","article-title":"Estrogen receptor profiles across tissues from male and female Rattus norvegicus","volume":"10","author":"Hutson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Sex Differ."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3251","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2003-0015","article-title":"Estrogen regulates adrenal angiotensin AT1 receptors by modulating AT1 receptor translation","volume":"144","author":"Wu","year":"2003","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2215","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2006-2329","article-title":"Identification and developmental changes of aromatase and estrogen receptor expression in prepubertal and pubertal human adrenal tissues","volume":"92","author":"Baquedano","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4296","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2014-1416","article-title":"GPER-1 and estrogen receptor-\u03b2 ligands modulate aldosterone synthesis","volume":"155","author":"Caroccia","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s00428-007-0542-0","article-title":"Expression of aromatase and estrogen receptors in human adrenocortical tumors","volume":"452","author":"Barzon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Virchows Arch."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1677\/ERC-07-0081","article-title":"Expression of progesterone and estradiol receptors in normal adrenal cortex, adrenocortical tumors, and primary pigmented nodular adrenocortical disease","volume":"15","author":"Rosenberg","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Relat. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneph.2017.189","article-title":"Sex-specific differences in hypertension and associated cardiovascular disease","volume":"14","author":"Colafella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4629","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.141.12.7822","article-title":"Estradiol attenuates angiotensin-induced aldosterone secretion in ovariectomized rats","volume":"141","author":"Roesch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1159\/000150977","article-title":"Estrogen reduces aldosterone, upregulates adrenal angiotensin II AT 2 receptors and normalizes adrenomedullary Fra-2 in ovariectomized rats","volume":"88","author":"Macova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Neuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2008.12.020","article-title":"Dihydrotestosterone stimulates aldosterone secretion by H295R human adrenocortical cells","volume":"303","author":"Yanes","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-018-0167-9","article-title":"Sex differences in the hypothalamic\u2013pituitary\u2013adrenal axis\u2019 response to stress: An important role for gonadal hormones","volume":"44","author":"Heck","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2004.01195.x","article-title":"Gonadectomy reverses the sexually diergic patterns of circadian and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity in male and female rats","volume":"16","author":"Seale","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"989","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2004.01258.x","article-title":"Gonadal steroid replacement reverses gonadectomy-induced changes in the corticosterone pulse profile and stress-induced hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis activity of male and female rats","volume":"16","author":"Seale","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Figueiredo, H.F., Ulrich-Lai, Y.M., Choi, D.C., and Herman, J.P. (2007). Estrogen potentiates adrenocortical responses to stress in female rats. Am. J. Physiol. - Endocrinol. Metab., 292.","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpendo.00102.2006"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"833","DOI":"10.1016\/0024-3205(95)02015-B","article-title":"Effects of sex hormones on the steroidogenic activity of dispersed adrenocortical cells of the rat adrenal cortex","volume":"57","author":"Nowak","year":"1995","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1007\/s00360-014-0859-3","article-title":"Androgen receptor-mediated regulation of adrenocortical activity in the sand rat, Psammomys obesus","volume":"184","author":"Benmouloud","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. B Biochem. Syst. Environ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"881","DOI":"10.1016\/S0893-133X(01)00301-3","article-title":"Effects of estrogen antagonists and agonists on the ACTH response to restraint stress in female rats","volume":"25","author":"Young","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"542","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-20-0123","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in cortisol metabolism throughout pubertal development: A longitudinal study","volume":"9","author":"Dolan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"E970","article-title":"Sexual dimorphism in cortisol secretion starts after age 10 in healthy children: Urinary cortisol metabolite excretion rates during growth","volume":"293","author":"Wudy","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1906","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.npp.1300742","article-title":"Testosterone suppression of CRH-stimulated cortisol in men","volume":"30","author":"Rubinow","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2015.12.021","article-title":"Hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis response to acute psychosocial stress: Effects of biological sex and circulating sex hormones","volume":"66","author":"Stephens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4807","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.02039-06","article-title":"The Pituitary Function of Androgen Receptor Constitutes a Glucocorticoid Production Circuit","volume":"27","author":"Miyamoto","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7030","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.00900-08","article-title":"Developmental Links between the Fetal and Adult Zones of the Adrenal Cortex Revealed by Lineage Tracing","volume":"28","author":"Zubair","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.2007.38","article-title":"Telomere length, stem cells and aging","volume":"3","author":"Blasco","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1141","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.291","article-title":"Estrogen deficiency leads to telomerase inhibition, telomere shortening and reduced cell proliferation in the adrenal gland of mice","volume":"18","author":"Bayne","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e200","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgz214","article-title":"Correlation Between Telomere Attrition of Zona Fasciculata and Adrenal Weight Reduction in Older Men","volume":"105","author":"Nonaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5642","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2019-00592","article-title":"Correlation between Differentiation of Adrenocortical Zones and Telomere Lengths Measured by Q-FISH","volume":"104","author":"Nonaka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1590373","article-title":"Evidence for androgen receptor gene expression and growth inhibitory effect of dihydrotestosterone on human adrenocortical cells","volume":"159","author":"Rossi","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1677\/jme.1.01806","article-title":"Antiestrogens upregulate estrogen receptor \u03b2 expression and inhibit adrenocortical H295R cell proliferation","volume":"35","author":"Montanaro","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sirianni, R., Zolea, F., Chimento, A., Ruggiero, C., Cerquetti, L., Fallo, F., Pilon, C., Arnaldi, G., Carpinelli, G., and Stigliano, A. (2012). Targeting estrogen receptor-\u03b1 reduces adrenocortical cancer (ACC) cell growth in vitro and in vivo: Potential therapeutic role of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs) for ACC treatment. J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab., 97.","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2012-2374"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1530\/EJE-08-0215","article-title":"Aromatase expression in the normal human adult adrenal and in adrenocortical tumors: Biochemical, immunohistochemical, and molecular studies","volume":"160","author":"Moreau","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/9\/4889\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:57:18Z","timestamp":1760162238000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/9\/4889"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]},"references-count":83,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22094889"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22094889","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,5]]}}}