{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:59:32Z","timestamp":1760234372832,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":27,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"FINPIEMONTE","award":["288-105"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["288-105"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Low-cost, environmentally friendly and easily applicable coating for Mg alloys, able to resist in real world conditions, are studied. Coatings already used for other metals (aluminum, steel) and never tested on Mg alloy for its different surface and reactivity were deposited on AM60 magnesium alloys to facilitate their technological applications, also in presence of chemically aggressive conditions. A biobased PA11 powder coating was compared to synthetic silicon-based and polyester coatings, producing lab scale samples, probed by drop deposition tests and dipping in increasingly aggressive, salty, basic and acid solutions, at RT and at higher temperatures. Coatings were analyzed by SEM\/EDX to assess their morphology and compositions, by optical and IR-ATR microscopy analyses, before and after the drop tests. Migration analyses from the samples were performed by immersion tests using food simulants followed by ICP-OES analysis of the recovered simulant to explore applications also in the food contact field. A 30 \u03bcm thick white lacquer and a 120 \u03bcm PA11 coating resulted the best solutions. The thinner siliconic and lacquer coatings, appearing brittle and thin in the SEM analysis, failed some drop and\/or dipping test, with damages especially at the edges. The larger thickness is thus the unique solution for edgy or pointy samples. Finally, coffee cups in AM60 alloy were produced, as real word prototypes, with the best performing coatings and tested for both migration by dipping, simulating also real world aging (2 h in acetic acid at 70\u00b0 and 24 h in hot coffee at 60 \u00b0C): PA11 resulted stable in all the tests and no migration of toxic metals was observed, resulting a promising candidate for many real world application in chemically aggressive environments and also food and beverage related applications.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094915","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1620299427000},"page":"4915","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Low-Cost Biobased Coatings for AM60 Magnesium Alloys for Food Contact and Harsh Environment Applications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5105-5691","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Beatrice","family":"Mangolini","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Via Michel 11, 28100 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6563-9364","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mattia","family":"Lopresti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Via Michel 11, 28100 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4011-1322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Conterosito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Via Michel 11, 28100 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Rombol\u00e0","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Via Michel 11, 28100 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5347-7409","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luca","family":"Palin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Via Michel 11, 28100 Alessandria, Italy"},{"name":"Nova Res s.r.l., Via D. Bello 3, 28100 Novara, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7273-4474","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Valentina","family":"Gianotti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Via Michel 11, 28100 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3276-8757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Milanesio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Scienze e Innovazione Tecnologica, Universit\u00e0 del Piemonte Orientale, Via Michel 11, 28100 Alessandria, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pmatsci.2017.04.011","article-title":"Fundamentals and advances in magnesium alloy corrosion","volume":"89","author":"Esmaily","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Mater. Sci."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/S0924-0136(01)00779-8","article-title":"The role of magnesium industry in protecting the environment","volume":"117","author":"Aghion","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Mater. Process. Technol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1527-2648(199909)1:1<11::AID-ADEM11>3.0.CO;2-N","article-title":"Corrosion Mechanisms of Magnesium Alloys","volume":"1","author":"Song","year":"1999","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_4","unstructured":"Moosbrugger, C. (2017). Introduction to Magnesium Alloys. Engineering Properties of Magnesium Alloys, ASM International."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"563","DOI":"10.1002\/adem.200500013","article-title":"Recent progress in corrosion protection of magnesium alloys","volume":"7","author":"Song","year":"2005","journal-title":"Adv. Eng. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/S0921-5093(03)00519-7","article-title":"Effect of laser surface melting on corrosion and wear resistance of a commercial magnesium alloy","volume":"A361","author":"Majumdar","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1016\/j.porgcoat.2011.10.011","article-title":"Recent progress in corrosion protection of magnesium alloys by organic coatings","volume":"73","author":"Hu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Org. Coat."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vacuum.2018.12.032","article-title":"Electrophoretic deposition of graphene oxide on NiTi alloy for corrosion prevention","volume":"161","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Vacuum"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.surfcoat.2006.06.047","article-title":"Investigation of HVOF spraying on magnesium alloys","volume":"201","author":"Parco","year":"2006","journal-title":"Surf. Coat. Technol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020024","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5100709","article-title":"The characteristics study of HVOF coated AZ91D magnesium alloy with silicon carbide and stainless steel","volume":"2015","author":"Raj","year":"2019","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jma.2020.06.002","article-title":"Plasma electrolytic oxidation of AZ31 and AZ91 magnesium alloys: Comparison of coatings formation mechanism","volume":"8","author":"Rakoch","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Magnes. Alloy."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"678","DOI":"10.1134\/S2070205112060147","article-title":"Protective oxide coatings on Mg-Mn-Ce, Mg-Zn-Zr, Mg-Al-Zn-Mn, Mg-Zn-Zr-Y, and Mg-Zr-Nd magnesium-based alloys","volume":"48","author":"Sinebryukhov","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prot. Met. Phys. Chem. Surf. Vol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matdes.2019.107859","article-title":"The influence of metallurgical state of substrate on the efficiency of plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) process on magnesium alloy","volume":"178","author":"Martin","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mater. Des."},{"key":"ref_14","first-page":"211","article-title":"Example of industrial valorisation of derivative products of Castor oil","volume":"16","author":"Borg","year":"2009","journal-title":"Lipides Trop."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1108\/00035599710165333","article-title":"Corrosion protection of pipes, fittings and component pieces of water treatment and pumping stations","volume":"44","author":"Pey","year":"1997","journal-title":"Anti-Corros. Methods Mater."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fern\u00e1ndez-\u00c1lvarez, M., Velasco, F., Bautista, A., Lobo, F.C.M., Fernes, E.M., and Reis, R.L. (2020). Manufacturing and Characterization of Coatings from Polyamide Powders Functionalized with Nanosilica. Polymers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/polym12102298"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Di Lorenzo, M.L., Longo, A., and Androsch, R. (2019). Polyamide 11\/Poly(butylene succinate) Bio-Based Polymer Blends. Materials, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/ma12172833"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moshynets, O., Bardeau, J.F., Tarasyuk, O., Makhno, S., Cherniavska, T., Dzhuzha, O., and Rogalsky, S. (2019). Antibiofilm Activity of Polyamide 11 Modified with Thermally Stable Polymeric Biocide Polyhexamethylene Guanidine 2-Naphtalenesulfonate. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20020348"},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Baldi, G., Cioni, A., Dami, V., Barzanti, A., Lorenzi, G., Marchese, E.M., and Bitossi, M. (2012). Ceramers, Their Application and Use. (Number PCT\/IB2012\/050997), International Application."},{"key":"ref_20","unstructured":"Mirone, G., and Pesce, R. (2008). Photo-Crosslinkable Multi-Coating System Having Improved Gas Barrier Properties. (US7341791B2), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_21","unstructured":"(2021, April 26). UNI EN 1186-3:2003. Materials and Articles in Contact with Foodstuffs-Plastics-Guide to the Selection of Conditions and Test Methods for Overall Migration. Available online: http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/uni-en-1186-3-2003."},{"key":"ref_22","unstructured":"(2021, April 26). Polyamide 11 Coatings Polyamide 11 Coatingsabrasion Resistance Study. Available online: https:\/\/www.rilsanfinepowders.com\/export\/sites\/rilsanfinepowders\/.content\/medias\/rfp-downloads\/rfp-literature\/rfp-cs-polyamide-11-coatings-abrasion-resistance-study.pdf."},{"key":"ref_23","unstructured":"Dongguan Dechuang Hardware Co. (2021, April 26). Available online: https:\/\/dgdechuang.en.alibaba.com\/."},{"key":"ref_24","unstructured":"Baldi, G., Cioni, A., and Valentina, D.A.M.I. (2017). Polymeric Glass Based Compositions for Vitreous Coating. (9,637,642), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"558","DOI":"10.1119\/1.2870524","article-title":"The physics of a stove-top espresso machine","volume":"76","author":"King","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys."},{"key":"ref_26","unstructured":"(2021, April 26). UNI EN 1186-1:2003. Materials and Articles in Contact with Foodstuffs-Plastics-Test Methods for Overall Migration into Aqueous Food Simulants by Total Immersion. Available online: http:\/\/store.uni.com\/catalogo\/uni-en-1186-1-2003."},{"key":"ref_27","unstructured":"Simoneau, C. (2009). Guidelines on Testing Conditions for Articles. Contact with Foodstuffs (with a Focus on Kitchenware), A CRL-NRL-FCM Publication. [1st ed.]."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/9\/4915\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:57:30Z","timestamp":1760162250000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/9\/4915"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":27,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22094915"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22094915","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]}}}