{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T01:59:34Z","timestamp":1760234374778,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vitamin D is a steroid hormone that is essential for bone mineral metabolism and it has several other effects in the body, including anti-cancer actions. Vitamin D causes a reduction in cell growth by interrupting the cell cycle. Moreover, the active form of vitamin D, i.e., 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D, exerts various effects via its interaction with the vitamin D receptor on the innate and adaptive immune system, which could be relevant in the onset of tumors. Multiple myeloma is a treatable but incurable malignancy characterized by the growth of clonal plasma cells in protective niches in the bone marrow. In patients affected by multiple myeloma, vitamin D deficiency is commonly correlated with an advanced stage of the disease, greater risk of progression, the development of pathological fractures, and a worse prognosis. Changes in the vitamin D receptor often contribute to the occurrence and progress of deficiencies, which can be overcome by supplementation with vitamin D or analogues. However, in spite of the findings available in the literature, there is no clear standard of care and clinical practice varies. Further research is needed to better understand how vitamin D influences outcomes in patients with monoclonal gammopathies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094922","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1620299427000},"page":"4922","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Reviewing the Significance of Vitamin D Substitution in Monoclonal Gammopathies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7596-1912","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Vanessa","family":"Innao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, Division of Haematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6156-8239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandro","family":"Allegra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, Division of Haematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lia","family":"Ginaldi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8089-7449","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Pioggia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Biomedical Research and Innovation (IRIB), National Research Council of Italy (CNR), 98164 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4253-1312","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Massimo","family":"De Martinis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L\u2019Aquila, 67100 L\u2019Aquila, Italy"},{"name":"Allergy and Clinical Immunology Unit, Center for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Osteoporosis, AUSL 04 Teramo, 64100 Teramo, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Caterina","family":"Musolino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human Pathology in Adulthood and Childhood \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, Division of Haematology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sebastiano","family":"Gangemi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, School and Operative Unit of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, University of Messina, 98125 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cnur.2020.10.003","article-title":"Fat-Soluble Vitamins","volume":"56","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nurs. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.3390\/nu5010111","article-title":"Vitamin D\u2014Effects on Skeletal and Extraskeletal Health and the Need for Supplementation","volume":"5","author":"Wacker","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46227-7_13","article-title":"The Role of Classical and Novel Forms of Vitamin D in the Pathogenesis and Progression of Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers","volume":"1268","author":"Slominski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"626","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bone.2019.07.026","article-title":"Vitamin D sterols increase FGF23 expression by stimulating osteoblast and osteocyte maturation in CKD bone","volume":"127","author":"Pereira","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bone"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00774-013-0508-z","article-title":"Role of local vitamin D signaling and cellular calcium transport system in bone homeostasis","volume":"32","author":"Masuyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Metab."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Untersmayr, E., and Kallay, E. (2020). Insights in Immuno-Nutrition: Vitamin D as a Potent Immunomodulator. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113554"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.2000964","article-title":"Low Vitamin D Status Is Associated with Inflammation in Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"206","author":"Fu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","first-page":"345","article-title":"Association of genetic variants of vit D binding protein (DBP\/GC) and of the enzyme catalyzing its 25-hydroxylation (DCYP2R1) and serum vit D in postmenopausal women","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hormones"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1122","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2013.313","article-title":"Continued improvement in survival in multiple myeloma: Changes in early mortality and outcomes in older patients","volume":"28","author":"Kumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2443","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2017.138","article-title":"Natural history of relapsed myeloma, refractory to immunomodulatory drugs and proteasome inhibitors: A multicenter IMWG study","volume":"31","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-018-0155-7","article-title":"Clinical predictors of long-term survival in newly diagnosed transplant eligible multiple myeloma\u2014An IMWG Research Project","volume":"8","author":"Usmani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1011442","article-title":"Multiple Myeloma","volume":"364","author":"Palumbo","year":"2011","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e538","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(14)70442-5","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group updated criteria for the diagnosis of multiple myeloma","volume":"15","author":"Rajkumar","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lopes, R., Caetano, J., Ferreira, B., Barahona, F., Carneiro, E., and Jo\u00e3o, C. (2021). The Immune Microenvironment in Multiple Myeloma: Friend or Foe?. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13040625"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Padala, S., Barsouk, A., Barsouk, A., Rawla, P., Vakiti, A., Kolhe, R., Kota, V., and Ajebo, G. (2021). Epidemiology, Staging, and Management of Multiple Myeloma. Med. Sci., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/medsci9010003"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8955","DOI":"10.4081\/hr.2020.8955","article-title":"How I treat relapsed and\/or refractory multiple myeloma","volume":"12","author":"Lee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hematol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2017.09.001","article-title":"Immunoproteasome-selective and non-selective inhibitors: A promising approach for the treatment of multiple myeloma","volume":"182","author":"Ettari","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharm. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conticello, C., Romano, A., Del Fabro, V., Martino, E.A., Calafiore, V., Sapienza, G., Leotta, V., Parisi, M.S., Markovic, U., and Garibaldi, B. (2019). Feasibility, Tolerability and Efficacy of Carfilzomib in Combination with Lenalidomide and Dexamethasone in Relapsed Refractory Myeloma Patients: A Retrospective Real-Life Survey of the Sicilian Myeloma Network. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060877"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mor\u00e8, S., Petrucci, M.T., Corvatta, L., Fazio, F., Offidani, M., and Olivieri, A. (2020). Monoclonal Antibodies: Leading Actors in the Relapsed\/Refractory Multiple Myeloma Treatment. Pharmaceuticals, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/ph13120426"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1182\/hematology.2020000110","article-title":"Bispecifics, trispecifics, and other novel immune treatments in myeloma","volume":"2020","author":"Lancman","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mateos, M.-V., Blad\u00e9, J., Bringhen, S., Ocio, E.M., Efebera, Y., Pour, L., Gay, F., Sonneveld, P., Gullbo, J., and Richardson, P.G. (2020). Melflufen: A Peptide\u2013Drug Conjugate for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma. J. Clin. Med., 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm9103120"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2016.11.001","article-title":"Adoptive immunotherapy for hematological malignancies: Current status and new insights in chimeric antigen receptor T cells","volume":"62","author":"Allegra","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2015.06.003","article-title":"Vaccination of multiple myeloma: Current strategies and future prospects","volume":"96","author":"Allegra","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13208","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.13208","article-title":"Therapeutic potential of antagomiRs in haematological and oncological neoplasms","volume":"29","author":"Innao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Care"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12732","DOI":"10.1111\/ecc.12732","article-title":"Standardisation of minimal residual disease in multiple myeloma","volume":"26","author":"Innao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cancer Care"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sheeley, M.P., Andolino, C., Kiesel, V.A., and Teegarden, D. (2021). Vitamin D regulation of energy metabolism in cancer. Br. J. Pharm.","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.15424"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1643","DOI":"10.1182\/bloodadvances.2019001411","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency predicts for poor overall survival in white but not African American patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"4","author":"Yellapragada","year":"2020","journal-title":"Blood Adv."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2568","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbmt.2018.07.040","article-title":"Longitudinal Flow Cytometry Identified \u201cMinimal Residual Disease\u201d (MRD) Evolution Patterns for Predicting the Prognosis of Patients with Transplant-Eligible Multiple Myeloma","volume":"24","author":"Gu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biol. Blood Marrow Transpl."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1080\/07435800.2020.1867162","article-title":"Vitamin D Status and COVID-19 Clinical Outcomes in Hospitalized Patients","volume":"46","author":"Szeto","year":"2021","journal-title":"Endocr. Res."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mariani, J., Gim\u00e9nez, V.M.M., Bergam, I., Tajer, C., Antonietti, L., Inserra, F., Ferder, L., and Manucha, W. (2020). Association Between Vitamin D Deficiency and COVID-19 Incidence, Complications, and Mortality in 46 Countries: An Ecological Study. Health Secur.","DOI":"10.1089\/hs.2020.0137"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Glinsky, G.V. (2020). Tripartite Combination of Candidate Pandemic Mitigation Agents: Vitamin D, Quercetin, and Estradiol Manifest Properties of Medicinal Agents for Targeted Mitigation of the COVID-19 Pandemic Defined by Genomics-Guided Tracing of SARS-CoV-2 Targets in Human Cells. Biomedicines, 8.","DOI":"10.26434\/chemrxiv.12052512"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1195","DOI":"10.1007\/s40520-020-01570-8","article-title":"The role of vitamin D in the prevention of coronavirus disease 2019 infection and mortality","volume":"32","author":"Ilie","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wieder-Huszla, S., Jurczak, A., Szkup, M., Barczak, K., Do\u0142\u0119gowska, B., Schneider-Matyka, D., Owsianowska, J., and Grochans, E. (2019). Relationships between Vitamin D3 and Metabolic Syndrome. Int. J. Env. Res. Public Health, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph16020175"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"726","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0004","article-title":"Vitamin D and Human Health: Lessons from Vitamin D Receptor Null Mice","volume":"29","author":"Bouillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra070553","article-title":"Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"357","author":"Holick","year":"2007","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"110964","article-title":"Role of vitamin D3 in selected malignant neoplasms","volume":"79\u201480","author":"Markowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2010.04.001","article-title":"Vitamin D: Modulator of the immune system","volume":"10","author":"Baeke","year":"2010","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8251","DOI":"10.3390\/nu7105392","article-title":"Mechanisms Underlying the Regulation of Innate and Adaptive Immunity by Vitamin D","volume":"7","author":"Wei","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3456","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1400698","article-title":"The Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3on In Vitro Human NK Cell Development from Hematopoietic Stem Cells","volume":"193","author":"Weeres","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2405","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.5.2405","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3Inhibits Differentiation, Maturation, Activation, and Survival of Dendritic Cells Leading to Impaired Alloreactive T Cell Activation","volume":"164","author":"Penna","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2000.2490","article-title":"Potent Inhibition of Dendritic Cell Differentiation and Maturation by Vitamin D Analogs","volume":"270","author":"Griffin","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4443","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.164.9.4443","article-title":"Vitamin D3Affects Differentiation, Maturation, and Function of Human Monocyte-Derived Dendritic Cells","volume":"164","author":"Piemonti","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3554","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-05-283895","article-title":"A novel role of IL-17\u2013producing lymphocytes in mediating lytic bone disease in multiple myeloma","volume":"116","author":"Noonan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5385","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2009-10-246660","article-title":"Elevated IL-17 produced by Th17 cells promotes myeloma cell growth and inhibits immune function in multiple myeloma","volume":"115","author":"Prabhala","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"671","DOI":"10.3892\/or.2016.5291","article-title":"Immature myeloid-derived suppressor cells: A bridge between inflammation and cancer","volume":"37","author":"Musolino","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2019.00183","article-title":"GM-CSF Promotes the Expansion and Differentiation of Cord Blood Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells, Which Attenuate Xenogeneic Graft-vs.-Host Disease","volume":"10","author":"Park","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1007\/s002620050485","article-title":"Stimulation of immune suppressive CD34+ cells from normal bone marrow by Lewis lung carcinoma tumors","volume":"46","author":"Wright","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cancer Immunol. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1365","DOI":"10.1158\/1535-7163.MCT-14-0952","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Inhibits Esophageal Squamous Cell Carcinoma Progression by Reducing IL6 Signaling","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"985","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2016.378","article-title":"CLL-cell-mediated MDSC induction by exosomal miR-155 transfer is disrupted by vitamin D","volume":"31","author":"Bruns","year":"2016","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105557","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2019.105557","article-title":"1\u03b1, 25 Dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH)2D) inhibits the T cell suppressive function of myeloid derived suppressor cells (MDSC)","volume":"198","author":"Fleet","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.14348\/molcells.2014.2374","article-title":"The Role of Macrophage Polarization in Infectious and Inflammatory Diseases","volume":"37","author":"LaBonte","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cells"},{"key":"ref_52","first-page":"239","article-title":"Modulation of Chitotriosidase During Macrophage Differentiation","volume":"66","author":"Malaguarnera","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Biophys."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1007\/s10555-020-09943-1","article-title":"Macrophages in multiple myeloma: Key roles and therapeutic strategies","volume":"40","author":"Opperman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cancer Metastasis Rev."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1177\/1753425917721965","article-title":"The influence of vitamin D on M1 and M2 macrophages in patients with Crohn\u2019s disease","volume":"23","author":"Dionne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"4757","article-title":"Down-regulation of IL-8 by high-dose vitamin D is specific to hyperinflammatory macrophages and involves mechanisms beyond up-regulation Ofduspbr","volume":"172","author":"Dauletbaev","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2975","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-08-448548","article-title":"Tumor-promoting immune-suppressive myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the multiple myeloma microenvironment in humans","volume":"121","author":"Whitehill","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/j.canlet.2018.11.002","article-title":"Myeloid-derived suppressor cells induce multiple myeloma cell survival by activating the AMPK pathway","volume":"442","author":"Menu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1097\/00002371-200001000-00014","article-title":"Vitamin D3 Treatment to Diminish the Levels of Immune Suppressive CD34+ Cells Increases the Effectiveness of Adoptive Immunotherapy","volume":"23","author":"Wiers","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1080\/14737159.2018.1470929","article-title":"PMN-MDSC and arginase are increased in myeloma and may contribute to resistance to therapy","volume":"18","author":"Romano","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Rev. Mol. Diagn."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105663","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105663","article-title":"Vitamin D and intestinal homeostasis: Barrier, microbiota, and immune modulation","volume":"200","author":"Fakhoury","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102350","DOI":"10.1016\/j.autrev.2019.102350","article-title":"Emerging role of vitamin D in autoimmune diseases: An update on evidence and therapeutic implications","volume":"18","author":"Murdaca","year":"2019","journal-title":"Autoimmun. Rev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"604055","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.604055","article-title":"IL-33\/Vitamin D Crosstalk in Psoriasis-Associated Osteoporosis","volume":"11","author":"Ginaldi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2013.5993","article-title":"Vitamin D as an Early Predictor of Multiple Sclerosis Activity and Progression","volume":"71","author":"Ascherio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Jama Neurol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2265.2011.04261.x","article-title":"An update on vitamin D and human immunity","volume":"76","author":"Hewison","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gnagnarella, P., Raimondi, S., Aristarco, V., Johansson, H.A., Bellerba, F., Corso, F., and Gandini, S. (2020). Vitamin D Receptor Polymorphisms and Cancer. Sunlight, Vitamin D and Skin Cancer, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-46227-7_4"},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"21","article-title":"Suppression of in vivo growth of human cancer solid tumor xenografts by 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D3","volume":"47","author":"Eisman","year":"1987","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/S0022-2143(99)90004-5","article-title":"1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits in vitro invasiveness through the extracellular matrix and in vivo pulmonary metastasis of B16 mouse melanoma","volume":"133","author":"Yudoh","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5439","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2009.22.1135","article-title":"Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D3 Levels Are Associated with Breslow Thickness at Presentation and Survival From Melanoma","volume":"27","author":"Beswick","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"e10734","article-title":"Role of Vitamin D in Colorectal Cancer: A Holistic Approach and Review of the Clinical Utility","volume":"12","author":"Javed","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cureus"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105735","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105735","article-title":"Vitamin D analogues exhibit antineoplastic activity in breast cancer patient-derived xenograft cells","volume":"208","author":"Ferronato","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_71","unstructured":"Sun, K., Zuo, M., Zhang, Q., Wang, K., Huang, D., and Zhang, H. (2020). Anti-Tumor Effect of Vitamin D Combined with Calcium on Lung Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutr. Cancer, 1\u201310."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-020-00038-1","article-title":"Vitamin D regulates cell viability, migration and proliferation by suppressing galectin-3 (Gal-3) gene in ovarian cancer cells","volume":"45","author":"Ji","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1080\/01635581.2020.1737150","article-title":"Low Plasma 25-Hydoxyvitamin D at Diagnosis Predicts Poor Outcomes in Patients with Bladder Cancer: A Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"73","author":"Bibi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2020.1837391","article-title":"Vitamin D levels and the risk of prostate cancer and prostate cancer mortality","volume":"60","author":"Stroomberg","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1414","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.25439","article-title":"Meta-analysis of observational studies of serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels and colorectal, breast and prostate cancer and colorectal adenoma","volume":"128","author":"Gandini","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnesp.2018.12.085","article-title":"Vitamin D and breast cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies","volume":"30","author":"Hossain","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. ESPEN"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060516668939","article-title":"Association of VDR polymorphisms (Taq I and Bsm I) with prostate cancer: A new meta-analysis","volume":"45","author":"Liu","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Int. Med Res."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdz059","article-title":"Vitamin D supplementation and total cancer incidence and mortality: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"30","author":"Keum","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3143","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2017.73.0085","article-title":"Pretransplant Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Higher Relapse Rates in Patients Allografted for Myeloid Malignancies","volume":"35","author":"Radujkovic","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3528","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.19.00985","article-title":"Pretreatment Vitamin D Deficiency Is Associated with Impaired Progression-Free and Overall Survival in Hodgkin Lymphoma","volume":"37","author":"Borchmann","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4191","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.28.6674","article-title":"Vitamin D Insufficiency and Prognosis in Non-Hodgkin\u2019s Lymphoma","volume":"28","author":"Drake","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1179\/1607845412Y.0000000025","article-title":"Prognostic impact of serum 25-hydroxivitamin D [25(OH)D] concentrations in patients with lymphoid malignancies","volume":"18","author":"Aref","year":"2013","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e595","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2017.70","article-title":"Vitamin D insufficiency is associated with an increased risk of early clinical failure in follicular lymphoma","volume":"7","author":"Tracy","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1179\/102453311X13085644679908","article-title":"Serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels are associated with prognosis in hematological malignancies","volume":"16","author":"Thomas","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1999","DOI":"10.1159\/000374007","article-title":"Serum 25-Hydroxyvitamin D Levels and Prognosis in Hematological Malignancies: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"35","author":"Wang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.28368","article-title":"Low 25(OH) vitamin D3levels are associated with adverse outcome in newly diagnosed, intensively treated adult acute myeloid leukemia","volume":"120","author":"Lee","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1634","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.179.3.1634","article-title":"Modulatory Effects of 1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3on Human B Cell Differentiation","volume":"179","author":"Chen","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"279","DOI":"10.1006\/excr.1999.4735","article-title":"Cell Cycle Arrest Induced by the Vitamin D3 Analog EB1089 in NCI-H929 Myeloma Cells Is Associated with Induction of the Cyclin-Dependent Kinase Inhibitor Pexp","volume":"254","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4659","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V88.12.4659.bloodjournal88124659","article-title":"Myeloma cell growth arrest, apoptosis, and interleukin-6 receptor modulation induced by EB1089, a vitamin D3 derivative, alone or in association with dexamethasone","volume":"88","author":"Puthier","year":"1996","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2141.2000.02046.x","article-title":"Induction of apoptosis by vitamin D3 analogue EB1089 in NCI-H929 myeloma cells via activation of caspase 3 and p38 MAP kinase","volume":"109","author":"Park","year":"2000","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2347","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.47.7901","article-title":"International Myeloma Working Group Recommendations for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma\u2013Related Bone Disease","volume":"31","author":"Terpos","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-017-0037-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis of bone disease in multiple myeloma: From bench to bedside","volume":"8","author":"Terpos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300060520943421","DOI":"10.1177\/0300060520943421","article-title":"Vitamin D levels in patients with non-Hodgkin lymphoma\/diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, chronic lymphocytic leukemia and multiple myeloma","volume":"48","author":"Graklanov","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Int. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21412","article-title":"Impact of vitamin D deficiency on the clinical presentation and prognosis of patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma","volume":"84","author":"Ng","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.3109\/07357907.2015.1081690","article-title":"Prevalence, Supplementation, and Impact of Vitamin D Deficiency in Multiple Myeloma Patients","volume":"33","author":"Lauter","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Investig."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5336","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V126.23.5336.5336","article-title":"The Majority of Myeloma Patients Are Vitamin D Deficient, Unrelated to Survival or Cytogenetics","volume":"126","author":"Hudzik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21619","article-title":"Vitamin D status may effect the skeletal complications of multiple myeloma","volume":"85","author":"Diamond","year":"2010","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_98","first-page":"533","article-title":"The induction of apoptosis by a combined 1,25(OH)2D3 analog, EB1089 and TGF-beta1 in NCI-H929 multiple myeloma cells","volume":"20","author":"Park","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.21450","article-title":"Multiple myeloma and cancer: Is there a D-lightful connection?","volume":"84","author":"Holick","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-20069-4","article-title":"Cytosolic sequestration of the vitamin D receptor as a therapeutic option for vitamin D-induced hypercalcemia","volume":"11","author":"Rovito","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1747.2002.19623.x","article-title":"A Novel Immunosuppressive 1\u03b1,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 Analog with Reduced Hypercalcemic Activity","volume":"119","author":"Asadullah","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Investig. Derm."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2122","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2004-1772","article-title":"Vitamin D Repletion in Patients with Primary Hyperparathyroidism and Coexistent Vitamin D Insufficiency","volume":"90","author":"Grey","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.060608","article-title":"Vitamin D-Mediated Hypercalcemia in Slack Skin Disease: Evidence for Involvement of Extrarenal 25-Hydroxyvitamin D 1\u03b1-Hydroxylase","volume":"21","author":"Karakelides","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bone Min. Res."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"926","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2005.05710.x","article-title":"Functional osteoclast-like transformation of cultured human myeloma cell lines","volume":"130","author":"Calvani","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1002\/path.2078","article-title":"Osteoclast nuclei of myeloma patients show chromosome translocations specific for the myeloma cell clone: A new type of cancer\u2013host partnership?","volume":"211","author":"Andersen","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"556","article-title":"Commitment to the B-lymphoid lineage depends on the transcription factor Paxnat","volume":"401","author":"Nutt","year":"1999","journal-title":"Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/ni.1694","article-title":"Regulation of lymphoid versus myeloid fate \u2019choice\u2019 by the transcription factor Mef2c","volume":"10","author":"Dade","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17016","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1112169108","article-title":"CCAAT\/enhancer binding protein (C\/EBP)-induced transdifferentiation of pre-B cells into macrophages involves no overt retrodifferentiation","volume":"108","author":"Manh","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barneda-Zahonero, B., Rom\u00e1n-Gonz\u00e1lez, L., Collazo, O., Rafati, H., Islam, A.B.M.M.K., Bussmann, L.H., Di Tullio, A., De Andres, L., Graf, T., and L\u00f3pez-Bigas, N. (2013). HDAC7 Is a Repressor of Myeloid Genes Whose Downregulation Is Required for Transdifferentiation of Pre-B Cells into Macrophages. PLoS Genet., 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1003503"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1532\/IJH97.06132","article-title":"Induction of Multilineage Markers in Human Myeloma Cells and Their Down-Regulation by Interleukin","volume":"85","author":"Liu","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"260","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2017.06.023","article-title":"1,25(OH)2 vitamin D(3) contributes to osteoclast-like trans-differentiation of malignant plasma cells","volume":"358","author":"Cafforio","year":"2017","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2018-11-852459","article-title":"Myeloma bone disease: From biology findings to treatment approaches","volume":"133","author":"Terpos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yen, C.-H., Hsu, C.-M., Hsiao, S.Y., and Hsiao, H.-H. (2020). Pathogenic Mechanisms of Myeloma Bone Disease and Possible Roles for Nrfint. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186723"},{"key":"ref_114","first-page":"1213","article-title":"Phenotypic and functional analysis of 1, 25- dihydroxyvitamin D3 receptor mediated modulation of the human myeloma cell line RPMI","volume":"48","author":"Rossi","year":"1988","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1159\/000080693","article-title":"Effects of Dexamethasone, All-Trans Retinoic Acid, Vitamin D3 and Interferon-\u03b1 on FO Myeloma Cells","volume":"50","author":"Ozdemir","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.1111\/ejh.12069","article-title":"The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib stimulates osteoblastic differentiation of human osteoblast precursors via upregulation of vitamin D receptor signalling","volume":"90","author":"Kaiser","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/172458","article-title":"Mechanism of Action of Bortezomib and the New Proteasome Inhibitors on Myeloma Cells and the Bone Microenvironment: Impact on Myeloma-Induced Alterations of Bone Remodeling","volume":"2015","author":"Accardi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed Res. Int."},{"key":"ref_118","first-page":"3105","article-title":"Low serum vitamin D occurs commonly among multiple myeloma patients treated with bortezomib and\/or thalidomide and is associated with severe neuropathy","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2445","DOI":"10.1038\/s41375-018-0114-0","article-title":"Lenalidomide enhances MOR202-dependent macrophage-mediated effector functions via the vitamin D pathway","volume":"32","author":"Busch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2016-1802","article-title":"Vitamin D Receptor Expression in Plasmablastic Lymphoma and Myeloma Cells Confers Susceptibility to Vitamin D","volume":"158","author":"Gascoyne","year":"2017","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcmd.2013.02.001","article-title":"Role of vitamin D receptor (VDR) polymorphisms in susceptibility to multiple myeloma in ethnic Kashmiri population","volume":"51","author":"Shafia","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Cells Mol. Dis."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2020.105588","article-title":"Unveiling molecular associations of polymorphic variants of VDR gene (FokI, BsmI and ApaI) in multiple myeloma patients of Indian population","volume":"199","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36509","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.16510","article-title":"Association of VEGF and VDR gene- gene and gene-smoking interaction on risk of multiple myeloma in Chinese Han population","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.29135","article-title":"Vitamin D receptor gene polymorphism is associated with multiple myeloma","volume":"121","author":"Rui","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"709","DOI":"10.1007\/s40199-019-00306-y","article-title":"Oral calcitriol in hematopoietic recovery and survival after autologous stem cell transplantation: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"27","author":"Raoufinejad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Daru J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2016.09.012","article-title":"Developmental Vitamin D Availability Impacts Hematopoietic Stem Cell Production","volume":"17","author":"Cortes","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2010.01436.x","article-title":"Vitamin D deficiency does not alter biochemical markers of bone metabolism before or after autograft in patients with multiple myeloma","volume":"85","author":"Laroche","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"388","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.2012.01751.x","article-title":"Dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry and biochemical markers of bone turnover after autologous stem cell transplantation in myeloma","volume":"88","author":"Laroche","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"492","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2008.07214.x","article-title":"Prevalence and significance of vitamin D deficiency in multiple myeloma patients","volume":"142","author":"Badros","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1911","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2011-0385","article-title":"Evaluation, Treatment, and Prevention of Vitamin D Deficiency: An Endocrine Society Clinical Practice Guideline","volume":"96","author":"Holick","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2615","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.2019000406","article-title":"With equal access, African American patients have superior survival compared to white patients with multiple myeloma: A VA study","volume":"133","author":"Fillmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2102","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.293.17.2102","article-title":"Bone Mineral Density and the Risk of Incident Nonspinal Fractures in Black and White Women","volume":"293","author":"Cauley","year":"2005","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1991","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa1306357","article-title":"Vitamin D\u2013Binding Protein and Vitamin D Status of Black Americans and White Americans","volume":"369","author":"Powe","year":"2013","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"686","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2004.05092.x","article-title":"Role of receptor activator of nuclear factor-kappa B ligand (RANKL), osteoprotegerin and macrophage protein 1-alpha (MIP-1a) in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)","volume":"126","author":"Politou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6529","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-04-351437","article-title":"Bone microstructural changes revealed by high-resolution peripheral quantitative computed tomography imaging and elevated DKK1 and MIP-1\u03b1 levels in patients with MGUS","volume":"118","author":"Ng","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2013-05-505776","article-title":"Altered cortical microarchitecture in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","volume":"123","author":"Farr","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2141.2006.06217.x","article-title":"Lumbar bone mineral density as the major factor determining increased prevalence of vertebral fractures in monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance","volume":"134","author":"Pepe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2651","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-04-282848","article-title":"Monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance and risk of skeletal fractures: A population-based study","volume":"116","author":"Kristinsson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1591","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-02-336065","article-title":"Adulthood residential ultraviolet radiation, sun sensitivity, dietary vitamin D, and risk of lymphoid malignancies in the California Teachers Study","volume":"118","author":"Chang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2014.12.005","article-title":"Are low ultraviolet B and vitamin D associated with higher incidence of multiple myeloma?","volume":"148","author":"Mohr","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1249","DOI":"10.1007\/s00520-019-04942-7","article-title":"A retrospective analysis of the prevalence and clinical outcomes of vitamin D deficiency in myeloma patients in tropical Australia","volume":"28","author":"Nath","year":"2019","journal-title":"Support. Care Cancer"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1007\/s10552-007-9047-z","article-title":"Diet and risk of multiple myeloma in Connecticut women","volume":"18","author":"Hosgood","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Causes Control."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41408-017-0015-x","article-title":"Correlation between markers of bone metabolism and vitamin D levels in patients with monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance (MGUS)","volume":"7","author":"Lipe","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"418","DOI":"10.1007\/s00223-008-9145-2","article-title":"The Effects of Alendronate Treatment in Osteoporotic Patients Affected by Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance","volume":"82","author":"Pepe","year":"2008","journal-title":"Calcif. Tissue Int."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6289","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0666","article-title":"Zoledronic Acid Markedly Improves Bone Mineral Density for Patients with Monoclonal Gammopathy of Undetermined Significance and Bone Loss","volume":"14","author":"Berenson","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1588","DOI":"10.1002\/cncr.23783","article-title":"A multicenter, randomized clinical trial comparing zoledronic acid versus observation in patients with asymptomatic myeloma","volume":"113","author":"Musto","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1620\/tjem.248.27","article-title":"Antiresorptive Agents and Anti-Angiogenesis Drugs in the Development of Osteonecrosis of the Jaw","volume":"248","author":"Allegra","year":"2019","journal-title":"Tohoku J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.819","article-title":"Patients with bisphosphonates-associated osteonecrosis of the jaw have reduced circulating endothelial cells","volume":"25","author":"Allegra","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"407","DOI":"10.3892\/ijmm_00000145","article-title":"Effects of platelet-derived growth factor, vitamin D and parathyroid hormone on osteoblasts derived from cancer patients on chronic bisphosphonate therapy","volume":"23","author":"Dziak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-017-3016-8","article-title":"Vitamin D and plasma cell dyscrasias: Reviewing the significance","volume":"96","author":"Burwick","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e306","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2015.32","article-title":"The cellular immune system in myelomagenesis: NK cells and T cells in the development of MM and their uses in immunotherapies","volume":"5","author":"Dosani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.3109\/10428194.2013.825905","article-title":"Myeloma skews regulatory T and pro-inflammatory T helper 17 cell balance in favor of a suppressive state","volume":"55","author":"Favaloro","year":"2013","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_153","first-page":"481","article-title":"Combination Immune Therapies to Enhance Anti-Tumor Responses by NK Cells","volume":"4","author":"James","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_154","first-page":"37","article-title":"Vitamin D: Health panacea or false prophet?","volume":"29","author":"Glade","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Uhm, S.J., Hall, J.A., and Herrington, J.D. (2020). Severe and prolonged hypocalcemia after a single dose of denosumab for metastatic breast cancer with diffuse bone involvement without prior calcium\/vitamin D supplementations. J. Oncol. Pharm. Pr., 1078155220964550.","DOI":"10.1177\/1078155220964550"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e234508","DOI":"10.1136\/bcr-2020-234508","article-title":"Denosumab-induced severe hypocalcaemia in a patient with vitamin D deficiency","volume":"13","author":"Daga","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMJ Case Rep."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/9\/4922\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T05:57:36Z","timestamp":1760162256000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/9\/4922"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"references-count":156,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22094922"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22094922","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]}}}