{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,28]],"date-time":"2026-09-28T20:17:26Z","timestamp":1790626646867,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620259200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnolog\u00eda","award":["253494 and A1-S-16129"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["253494 and A1-S-16129"]}]},{"name":"Direcci\u00f3n General de Asuntos del Personal Acad\u00e9mico","award":["IA202620, IA200816 and IN203720"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IA202620, IA200816 and IN203720"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Plant food production is severely affected by fungi; to cope with this problem, farmers use synthetic fungicides. However, the need to reduce fungicide application has led to a search for alternatives, such as biostimulants. Rare-earth elements (REEs) are widely used as biostimulants, but their mode of action and their potential as an alternative to synthetic fungicides have not been fully studied. Here, the biostimulant effect of gadolinium (Gd) is explored using the plant-pathosystem Arabidopsis thaliana\u2013Botrytis cinerea. We determine that Gd induces local, systemic, and long-lasting plant defense responses to B. cinerea, without affecting fungal development. The physiological changes induced by Gd have been related to its structural resemblance to calcium. However, our results show that the calcium-induced defense response is not sufficient to protect plants against B. cinerea, compared to Gd. Furthermore, a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis shows that Gd induces plant defenses and modifies early and late defense responses. However, the resistance to B. cinerea is dependent on JA\/ET-induced responses. These data support the conclusion that Gd can be used as a biocontrol agent for B. cinerea. These results are a valuable tool to uncover the molecular mechanisms induced by REEs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22094938","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]],"date-time":"2021-05-06T11:10:27Z","timestamp":1620299427000},"page":"4938","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Gadolinium Protects Arabidopsis thaliana against Botrytis cinerea through the Activation of JA\/ET-Induced Defense Responses"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Juliana Santos","family":"Batista-Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico"},{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1 87020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2852-4706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Damien","family":"Formey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4577-0757","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Martha","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wendy","family":"Arag\u00f3n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yordan Jhovani","family":"Romero-Contreras","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israel","family":"Maruri-L\u00f3pez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexandre","family":"Tromas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"K\u00e1tia Regina Freitas","family":"Schwan-Estrada","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departamento de Agronomia, Universidade Estadual de Maring\u00e1, Maring\u00e1 87020, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1510-756X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mario","family":"Serrano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centro de Ciencias Gen\u00f3micas, Universidad Nacional Aut\u00f3noma de M\u00e9xico, Av. Universidad 2001, Cuernavaca, Morelos 62209, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"181","DOI":"10.1007\/s10658-011-9919-7","article-title":"Biological control of postharvest diseases of fruit","volume":"133","author":"Nunes","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. J. Plant Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Barkai-Golan, R. (2001). Chapter 2\u2014Postharvest disease initiation. Postharvest Diseases of Fruits and Vegetables, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-044450584-2\/50002-2"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1364-3703.2011.00783.x","article-title":"The Top 10 fungal pathogens in molecular plant pathology","volume":"13","author":"Dean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mol. 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