{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T01:19:40Z","timestamp":1792113580755,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":152,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1620950400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Program for Brain\/MINDS Beyond Program of the Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","award":["JP19dm0307024 and JP19dm030710"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP19dm0307024 and JP19dm030710"]}]},{"name":"MEXT-Supported Program for the Private University Research Branding Project","award":["-"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["-"]}]},{"name":"Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS) KAKENHI","award":["JP16K10327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP16K10327"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>There has been an increasing prevalence of neurodegenerative diseases with the rapid increase in aging societies worldwide. Biomarkers that can be used to detect pathological changes before the development of severe neuronal loss and consequently facilitate early intervention with disease-modifying therapeutic modalities are therefore urgently needed. Diffusion magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) is a promising tool that can be used to infer microstructural characteristics of the brain, such as microstructural integrity and complexity, as well as axonal density, order, and myelination, through the utilization of water molecules that are diffused within the tissue, with displacement at the micron scale. Diffusion tensor imaging is the most commonly used diffusion MRI technique to assess the pathophysiology of neurodegenerative diseases. However, diffusion tensor imaging has several limitations, and new technologies, including neurite orientation dispersion and density imaging, diffusion kurtosis imaging, and free-water imaging, have been recently developed as approaches to overcome these constraints. This review provides an overview of these technologies and their potential as biomarkers for the early diagnosis and disease progression of major neurodegenerative diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]],"date-time":"2021-05-14T10:54:22Z","timestamp":1620989662000},"page":"5216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":93,"title":["Diffusion Magnetic Resonance Imaging-Based Biomarkers for Neurodegenerative Diseases"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5028-218X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Koji","family":"Kamagata","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9339-6950","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Andica","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayumi","family":"Kato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Multidisciplinary Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Tottori University, Yonago 683-8504, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuya","family":"Saito","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wataru","family":"Uchida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6808-0444","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taku","family":"Hatano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Lukies","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Radiology, Alfred Health, Melbourne, VIC 3004, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7335-0672","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takashi","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haruka","family":"Takeshige-Amano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, Juntendo University School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3056-0792","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Toshiaki","family":"Akashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5277-3249","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Akifumi","family":"Hagiwara","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shohei","family":"Fujita","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8491-0698","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Shigeki","family":"Aoki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Radiology, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo 113-8421, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jalz.2012.11.007","article-title":"The global prevalence of dementia: A systematic review and metaanalysis","volume":"9","author":"Prince","year":"2013","journal-title":"Alzheimer\u2019s Dement. 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