{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:47:28Z","timestamp":1787028448022,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":76,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>C60 fullerene as a potent free radical scavenger and antioxidant could be a beneficial means for neurodegenerative disease prevention or cure. The aim of the study was to define the effects of C60 administration on mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress disorders in a 3-nitropropionic acid (3-NPA)-induced rat model of Huntington\u2019s disease. Animals received 3-NPA (30 mg\/kg i.p.) once a day for 3 consecutive days. C60 was applied at a dose of 0.5 mg\/kg of body weight, i.p. daily over 5 days before (C60 pre-treatment) and after 3-NPA exposure (C60 post-treatment). Oxidative stress biomarkers, the activity of respiratory chain enzymes, the level of antioxidant defense, and pro- and antiapoptotic markers were analyzed in the brain and skeletal muscle mitochondria. The nuclear and cytosol Nrf2 protein expression, protein level of MnSOD, \u03b3-glutamate-cysteine ligase (\u03b3-GCLC), and glutathione-S-transferase (GSTP) as Nrf2 targets were evaluated. Our results indicated that C60 can prevent 3-NPA-induced mitochondrial dysfunction through the restoring of mitochondrial complexes\u2019 enzyme activity, ROS scavenging, modulating of pro\/antioxidant balance and GSH\/GSSG ratio, as well as inhibition of mitochondria-dependent apoptosis through the limitation of p53 mitochondrial translocation and increase in Bcl-2 protein expression. C60 improved mitochondrial protection by strengthening the endogenous glutathione system via glutathione biosynthesis by up-regulating Nrf2 nuclear accumulation as well as GCLC and GSTP protein level.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115444","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T13:15:15Z","timestamp":1621602915000},"page":"5444","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":45,"title":["C60 Fullerene Reduces 3-Nitropropionic Acid-Induced Oxidative Stress Disorders and Mitochondrial Dysfunction in Rats by Modulation of p53, Bcl-2 and Nrf2 Targeted Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Olga O.","family":"Gonchar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hypoxic States and Department of Movements Physiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Bogomoletz Str. 4, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2312-4412","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andriy V.","family":"Maznychenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hypoxic States and Department of Movements Physiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Bogomoletz Str. 4, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine"},{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Gorskiego Str. 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Olena M.","family":"Klyuchko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Electronics, National Aviation University, L. Huzar Ave. 1, 03058 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Iryna M.","family":"Mankovska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hypoxic States and Department of Movements Physiology, Bogomoletz Institute of Physiology, Bogomoletz Str. 4, 01024 Kyiv, Ukraine"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamila","family":"Butowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Agnieszka","family":"Borowik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5671-1915","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jacek","family":"Piosik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Biophysics, Intercollegiate Faculty of Biotechnology UG-MUG, Abrahama 58, 80-307 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Inna","family":"Sokolowska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Gdansk University of Physical Education and Sport, Kazimierza Gorskiego Str. 1, 80-336 Gdansk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2005.05.013","article-title":"Mitochondria in homeostasis of reactive oxygen species in cell, tissues, and organism","volume":"37","author":"Jezek","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. 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