{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,12]],"date-time":"2025-10-12T02:00:45Z","timestamp":1760234445112,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":17,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621555200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: Chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cells are changing the therapeutic landscape of hematologic malignancies. Severe side effects include cytokine release syndrome (CRS) and immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome (ICANS), but prolonged cytopenia has also been reported. The underlying mechanism for prolonged cytopenia is poorly understood so far. Cases: Severe pancytopenia with grade 2-3 anemia was marked 2\u20133 months after treatment. Laboratory evaluation revealed undetectable levels of haptoglobin with increased reticulocyte counts. Coomb\u2019s tests were negative, no schistocytes were detected on blood smear, and infectious causes were ruled out. Increased erythropoiesis without lymphoma infiltration was noted on bone marrow biopsy. A spontaneous increase in haptoglobin and hemoglobin levels was observed after several weeks. For one patient, peripheral CAR-T levels were monitored over time. We observed a decline at the same time as hemoglobin levels began to rise, implying a potential causality. Conclusion: To our knowledge, we describe the first two cases of Coombs-negative hemolytic anemia after CAR-T treatment for B-cell lymphoma. We encourage routine monitoring for hemolytic anemia after CAR-T treatment and also encourage further investigations on the underlying mechanism.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115449","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]],"date-time":"2021-05-21T13:15:15Z","timestamp":1621602915000},"page":"5449","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Two Cases of Pancytopenia with Coombs-Negative Hemolytic Anemia after Chimeric Antigen Receptor T-Cell Therapy"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Dominik","family":"Kiem","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Leisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9155-5762","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Neureiter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Pathology, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8331-0922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Theresa","family":"Haslauer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0648-4416","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexander","family":"Egle","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas","family":"Melchardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Max S.","family":"Topp","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Medical Clinic and Polyclinic II, University Hospital W\u00fcrzburg, 97080 W\u00fcrzburg, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4462-3694","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Richard","family":"Greil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Oncologic Center, Department of Internal Medicine III with Haematology, Medical Oncology, Haemostaseology, Infectiology and Rheumatology, Paracelsus Medical University, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Cancer Cluster Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"},{"name":"Laboratory for Immunological and Molecular Cancer Research (SCRI-LIMCR), Salzburg Cancer Research Institute, 5020 Salzburg, Austria"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1002\/cpt.1674","article-title":"CAR T-Cell Therapy in Hematologic Malignancies: A Voyage in Progress","volume":"107","author":"Holstein","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. 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