{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T23:19:43Z","timestamp":1787959183812,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":164,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/M006743\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/M006743\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/P025978\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/P025978\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonatal encephalopathy is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Although therapeutic hypothermia (HT) is now standard practice in most neonatal intensive care units in high resource settings, some infants still develop long-term adverse neurological sequelae. In low resource settings, HT may not be safe or efficacious. Therefore, additional neuroprotective interventions are urgently needed. Melatonin\u2019s diverse neuroprotective properties include antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anti-apoptotic effects. Its strong safety profile and compelling preclinical data suggests that melatonin is a promising agent to improve the outcomes of infants with NE. Over the past decade, the safety and efficacy of melatonin to augment HT has been studied in the neonatal piglet model of perinatal asphyxia. From this model, we have observed that the neuroprotective effects of melatonin are time-critical and dose dependent. Therapeutic melatonin levels are likely to be 15\u201330 mg\/L and for optimal effect, these need to be achieved within the first 2\u20133 h after birth. This review summarises the neuroprotective properties of melatonin, the key findings from the piglet and other animal studies to date, and the challenges we face to translate melatonin from bench to bedside.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115481","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T23:58:05Z","timestamp":1621814285000},"page":"5481","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Melatonin for Neonatal Encephalopathy: From Bench to Bedside"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2004-6650","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raymand","family":"Pang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adnan","family":"Advic-Belltheus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher","family":"Meehan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel J.","family":"Fullen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Office, University College London, London W1T 7NF, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6447-4446","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Xavier","family":"Golay","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Brain Repair and Rehabilitation, Institute of Neurology, University College London, London WC1N 3BG, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicola J.","family":"Robertson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Women\u2019s Health, University College London, London WC1E 6HU, UK"},{"name":"Centre for Clinical Brain Sciences, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/pr.2013.206","article-title":"Intrapartum-related neonatal encephalopathy incidence and impairment at regional and global levels for 2010 with trends from 1990","volume":"74","author":"Lee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. 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