{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,4]],"date-time":"2026-04-04T22:09:04Z","timestamp":1775340544328,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":106,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]],"date-time":"2021-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621641600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation","award":["SFB1009, project B02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFB1009, project B02"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Influenza virus is a well-known respiratory pathogen, which still leads to many severe pulmonary infections in the human population every year. Morbidity and mortality rates are further increased if virus infection coincides with co-infections or superinfections caused by bacteria such as Streptococcus pneumoniae (S. pneumoniae) and Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus). This enhanced pathogenicity is due to complex interactions between the different pathogens and the host and its immune system and is mainly governed by altered intracellular signaling processes. In this review, we summarize the recent findings regarding the innate and adaptive immune responses during co-infection with influenza virus and S. pneumoniae or S. aureus, describing the signaling pathways involved and how these interactions influence disease outcomes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115486","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T23:58:05Z","timestamp":1621814285000},"page":"5486","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Altered Signal Transduction in the Immune Response to Influenza Virus and S. pneumoniae or S. aureus Co-Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4925-3933","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Janine J.","family":"Wilden","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jasmin C.","family":"Jacob","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"},{"name":"CiM-IMPRS, The Joined Graduate School of the Cells in Motion Interfaculty Centre, University of Muenster and the International Max Planck Research School\u2014Molecular Biomedicine, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8879-6087","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Christina","family":"Ehrhardt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Experimental Virology, Center for Molecular Biomedicine (CMB), Institute of Medical Microbiology, Jena University Hospital, 07745 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4490-3052","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stephan","family":"Ludwig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"},{"name":"\u201cCells in Motion Interfaculty Center (CIMIC)\u201d, WWU Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yvonne","family":"Boergeling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Virology Muenster (IVM), Westfaelische Wilhelms-University Muenster, 48149 Muenster, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2021, February 02). 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