{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T15:03:43Z","timestamp":1791471823922,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621728000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) represents a clinical challenge due to poor potential for spontaneous healing of cartilage lesions. Several treatment options are available for KOA, including oral nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, physical therapy, braces, activity modification, and finally operative treatment. Intra-articular (IA) injections are usually used when the non-operative treatment is not effective, and when the surgery is not yet indicated. More and more studies suggesting that IA injections are as or even more efficient and safe than NSAIDs. Recently, research to improve intra-articular homeostasis has focused on biologic adjuncts, such as platelet-rich plasma (PRP). The catabolic and inflammatory intra-articular processes that exists in knee osteoarthritis (KOA) may be influenced by the administration of PRP and its derivatives. PRP can induce a regenerative response and lead to the improvement of metabolic functions of damaged structures. However, the positive effect on chondrogenesis and proliferation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is still highly controversial. Recommendations from in vitro and animal research often lead to different clinical outcomes because it is difficult to translate non-clinical study outcomes and methodology recommendations to human clinical treatment protocols. In recent years, significant progress has been made in understanding the mechanism of PRP action. In this review, we will discuss mechanisms related to inflammation and chondrogenesis in cartilage repair and regenerative processes after PRP administration in in vitro and animal studies. Furthermore, we review clinical trials of PRP efficiency in changing the OA biomarkers in knee joint.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115492","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]],"date-time":"2021-05-23T23:59:03Z","timestamp":1621814343000},"page":"5492","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":138,"title":["The Effect of Platelet-Rich Plasma on the Intra-Articular Microenvironment in Knee Osteoarthritis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7027-0626","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawid","family":"Szwedowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Orthopedic Arthroscopic Surgery International (O.A.S.I.) Bioresearch Foundation, Gobbi N.P.O., 20133 Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Orthopaedics and Trauma Surgery, Provincial Polyclinical Hospital, 87100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4287-5353","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Joanna","family":"Szczepanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Modern Interdisciplinary Technologies, Nicolaus Copernicus University, 87100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1706-8090","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Paczesny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orvit Clinic, Citomed Healthcare Center, 87100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2714-2466","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jan","family":"Zabrzy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Orvit Clinic, Citomed Healthcare Center, 87100 Torun, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5445-8821","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maciej","family":"Gagat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Torun, 85067 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6261-1286","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ali","family":"Mobasheri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oulu, FI-90014 Oulu, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Regenerative Medicine, State Research Institute Centre for Innovative Medicine, Santariskiu 5, LT-08406 Vilnius, Lithuania"},{"name":"Departments of Orthopedics, Rheumatology and Clinical Immunology, University Medical Center Utrecht, 3508 GA Utrecht, The Netherlands"},{"name":"Department of Joint Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510080, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2766-8046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"S\u0142awomir","family":"Jeka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department and Clinic of Rheumatology and Connective Tissue Diseases, University Hospital No. 2, Collegium Medicum UMK, 85168 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1177\/0363546520909397","article-title":"Platelet-Rich Plasma Versus Hyaluronic Acid for Knee Osteoarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"49","author":"Belk","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. 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