{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T03:12:25Z","timestamp":1792293145034,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002261","name":"Russian Foundation for Basic Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["19-03-00930"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["19-03-00930"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002261","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) demonstrate unique properties, which are prospective for drug delivery, catalysis, and gas separation, but their biomedical applications might be limited due to their obscure interactions with the environment and humans. It is important to understand their toxic effect on nature before their wide practical application. In this study, HKUST-1 nanoparticles (Cu-nanoMOF, Cu3(btc)2, btc = benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylate) were synthesized by the microwave (MW)-assisted ionothermal method and characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) techniques. The embryotoxicity and acute toxicity of HKUST-1 towards embryos and adult zebrafish were investigated. To gain a better understanding of the effects of Cu-MOF particles towards Danio rerio (D. rerio) embryos were exposed to HKUST-1 nanoparticles (NPs) and Cu2+ ions (CuSO4). Cu2+ ions showed a higher toxic effect towards fish compared with Cu-MOF NPs for D. rerio. Both forms of fish were sensitive to the presence of HKUST-1 NPs. Estimated LC50 values were 2.132 mg\/L and 1.500 mg\/L for zebrafish embryos and adults, respectively. During 96 h of exposure, the release of copper ions in a stock solution and accumulation of copper after 96 h were measured in the internal organs of adult fishes. Uptake examination of the major internal organs did not show any concentration dependency. An increase in the number of copper ions in the test medium was found on the first day of exposure. Toxicity was largely restricted to copper release from HKUST-1 nanomaterials structure into solution.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115568","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T13:14:21Z","timestamp":1621948461000},"page":"5568","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":55,"title":["Acute Toxicity of Cu-MOF Nanoparticles (nanoHKUST-1) towards Embryos and Adult Zebrafish"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9625-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Abramenko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"A.N. Severtsov Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gregory","family":"Deyko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6733-9322","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Evgeny","family":"Abkhalimov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Frumkin Institute of Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Russian Academy of Science, Leninsky Prospect, 31-4, Moscow 119071, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vera","family":"Isaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"National Science and Technology University MISiS, Leninsky Prospekt 4, Moscow 119071, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lyubov","family":"Pelgunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Severtsov Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7916-4195","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugeny","family":"Krysanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"A.N. Severtsov Institute of Problems of Ecology and Evolution, RAS, Leninsky Prospect, 33, Moscow 119071, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonid","family":"Kustov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"N.D. Zelinsky Institute of Organic Chemistry, RAS, Leninsky pr. 47, Moscow 119991, Russia"},{"name":"National Science and Technology University MISiS, Leninsky Prospekt 4, Moscow 119071, Russia"},{"name":"Chemistry Department, Moscow State University, Leninskie Gory 1, bldg. 3, Moscow 119991, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Simon-Yarza, T., Rojas, S., Horcajada, P., and Serre, C. (2017). The situation of metal-organic frameworks in biomedicine. Reference Module in Materials Science and Materials Engineering, Elsevier.","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803581-8.09793-9"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"He, H., Li, R., Yang, Z., Chai, L., Jin, L., Alhassan, S.I., Ren, L., Wang, H., and Huang, L. (2020). 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