{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:18:04Z","timestamp":1790731084671,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":117,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1621900800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000050","name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HL140548"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HL140548"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000050","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Intermittent hypoxia (IH), a hallmark of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), is associated with cardiovascular and metabolic dysfunction. However, the mechanisms underlying these morbidities remain poorly delineated. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) mediate intercellular communications, play pivotal roles in a multitude of physiological and pathological processes, and could mediate IH-induced cellular effects. Here, the effects of IH on human primary cells and the release of EVs were examined. Microvascular endothelial cells (HMVEC-d), THP1 monocytes, THP1 macrophages M0, THP1 macrophages M1, THP1 macrophages M2, pre-adipocytes, and differentiated adipocytes (HAd) were exposed to either room air (RA) or IH for 24 h. Secreted EVs were isolated and characterized using transmission electron microscopy, nanoparticle tracking analysis, and Western blotting. The effects of each of the cell-derived EVs on endothelial cell (EC) monolayer barrier integrity, on na\u00efve THP1 macrophage polarity, and on adipocyte insulin sensitivity were also evaluated. IH did not alter EVs cell quantal release, but IH-EVs derived from HMVEC-d (p &lt; 0.01), THP1 M0 (p &lt; 0.01) and HAd (p &lt; 0.05) significantly disrupted HMVEC-d monolayer integrity, particularly after H2O2 pre-conditioning. IH-EVs from HMVEC-d and THP1 M0 elicited M2-polarity changes did not alter insulin sensitivity responses. IH induces cell-selective changes in EVs cargo, which primarily seem to target the emergence of endothelial dysfunction. Thus, changes in EVs cargo from selected cell sources in vivo may play causal roles in some of the adverse outcomes associated with OSA.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]],"date-time":"2021-05-25T13:14:21Z","timestamp":1621948461000},"page":"5604","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Cell-Selective Altered Cargo Properties of Extracellular Vesicles Following In Vitro Exposures to Intermittent Hypoxia"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5228-248X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Sanz-Rubio","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"},{"name":"Translational Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n (IISArag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5811-5148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abdelnaby","family":"Khalyfa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhuanhong","family":"Qiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1087-1232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jorge","family":"Ullate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Marin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational Research Unit, Hospital Universitario Miguel Servet, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Arag\u00f3n (IISArag\u00f3n), 50009 Zaragoza, Spain"},{"name":"Centro de Investigaci\u00f3n Biom\u00e9dica en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias (CIBERes), 28029 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leila","family":"Kheirandish-Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8195-6036","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David","family":"Gozal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Child Health, Child Health Research Institute, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(15)00043-0","article-title":"Prevalence of sleep-disordered breathing in the general population: The HypnoLaus study","volume":"3","author":"Heinzer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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