{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T16:09:22Z","timestamp":1790870962632,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":174,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622073600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000002","name":"National Institutes of Health","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R01AR073004-01A1, R01AR071189-01A1 and R21 AI149267-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01AR073004-01A1, R01AR071189-01A1 and R21 AI149267-01A1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000002","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"VA merit grant","award":["1I01BX004293-01A1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1I01BX004293-01A1"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The cutaneous immune response is important for the regulation of skin aging well as for the development of immune-mediated skin diseases. Aging of the human skin undergoes immunosenescence with immunological alterations and can be affected by environmental stressors and internal factors, thus leading to various epidermal barrier abnormalities. The dysfunctional epidermal barrier, immune dysregulation, and skin dysbiosis in the advanced age, together with the genetic factors, facilitate the late onset of atopic dermatitis (AD) in the elderly, whose cases have recently been on the rise. Controversial to the healthy aged skin, where overproduction of many cytokines is found, the levels of Th2\/Th22 related cytokines inversely correlated with age in the skin of older AD patients. As opposed to an endogenously aged skin, the expression of the terminal differentiation markers significantly increases with age in AD. Despite the atenuated barrier disturbances in older AD patients, the aged skin carries an impairment associated with the aging process, which reflects the persistence of AD. The chronicity of AD in older patients might not directly affect skin aging but does not allow spontaneous remission. Thus, adult- and elderly subtypes of AD are considered as a lifelong disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115729","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]],"date-time":"2021-05-27T11:07:02Z","timestamp":1622113622000},"page":"5729","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":44,"title":["Immunological Aspects of Skin Aging in Atopic Dermatitis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3532-7009","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgeta St.","family":"Bocheva","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Medical University of Sofia, 1431 Sofia, Bulgaria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Radomir M.","family":"Slominski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrzej T.","family":"Slominski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Dermatology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Cancer Chemoprevention Program, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"},{"name":"Veteran Administration Medical Center, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"113","article-title":"Combination of Fractional CO2 Laser and Rhodamine-Intense Pulsed Light in Facial Rejuvenation: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"39","author":"Nistico","year":"2021","journal-title":"Photobiomodul. 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