{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:44:22Z","timestamp":1790390662465,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":216,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622160000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A pandemic of acute respiratory infections, due to a new type of coronavirus, can cause Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome 2 (SARS-CoV-2) and has created the need for a better understanding of the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features of COVID-19, especially in high-risk groups, such as pregnant women. Viral infections in pregnant women may have a much more severe course, and result in an increase in the rate of complications, including spontaneous abortion, stillbirth, and premature birth\u2014which may cause long-term consequences in the offspring. In this review, we focus on the mother-fetal-placenta interface and its role in the potential transmission of SARS-CoV-2, including expression of viral receptors and proteases, placental pathology, and the presence of the virus in neonatal tissues and fluids. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the anti-viral activity of lactoferrin during viral infection in pregnant women, analyzes its role in the pathogenicity of pandemic virus particles, and describes the potential evidence for placental blocking\/limiting of the transmission of the virus.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]],"date-time":"2021-05-28T11:33:20Z","timestamp":1622201600000},"page":"5799","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":26,"title":["The Immunological Role of the Placenta in SARS-CoV-2 Infection\u2014Viral Transmission, Immune Regulation, and Lactoferrin Activity"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0216-7184","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Iwona","family":"Bukowska-O\u015bko","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunopathology of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, Medical University of Warsaw, 02-091Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marta","family":"Popiel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4025-3750","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Nutrition, The Kielanowski Institute of Animal Physiology and Nutrition, Polish Academy of Sciences, Instytucka 3, 05-110 Jab\u0142onna, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-0716-0900-2_1","article-title":"Coronaviruses: An updated overview of their replication and pathogenesis","volume":"2203","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Methods Mol. 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