{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T13:29:09Z","timestamp":1788269349672,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":137,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622419200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Marine mammals have been described as sentinels of the health of marine ecosystems. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate (i) the presence of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC-producing Enterobacterales, which comprise several bacterial families important to the healthcare sector, as well as (ii) the presence of Salmonella in these coastal animals. The antimicrobial resistance pheno- and genotypes, as well as biocide susceptibility of Enterobacterales isolated from stranded marine mammals, were determined prior to their rehabilitation. All E. coli isolates (n = 27) were screened for virulence genes via DNA-based microarray, and twelve selected E. coli isolates were analyzed by whole-genome sequencing. Seventy-one percent of the Enterobacterales isolates exhibited a multidrug-resistant (MDR) pheno- and genotype. The gene blaCMY (n = 51) was the predominant \u03b2-lactamase gene. In addition, blaTEM-1 (n = 38), blaSHV-33 (n = 8), blaCTX-M-15 (n = 7), blaOXA-1 (n = 7), blaSHV-11 (n = 3), and blaDHA-1 (n = 2) were detected. The most prevalent non-\u03b2-lactamase genes were sul2 (n = 38), strA (n = 34), strB (n = 34), and tet(A) (n = 34). Escherichia coli isolates belonging to the pandemic sequence types (STs) ST38, ST167, and ST648 were identified. Among Salmonella isolates (n = 18), S. Havana was the most prevalent serotype. The present study revealed a high prevalence of MDR bacteria and the presence of pandemic high-risk clones, both of which are indicators of anthropogenic antimicrobial pollution, in marine mammals.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22115905","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]],"date-time":"2021-05-31T05:53:38Z","timestamp":1622440418000},"page":"5905","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["Presence of \u03b2-Lactamase-producing Enterobacterales and Salmonella Isolates in Marine Mammals"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Olivia M.","family":"Gr\u00fcnzweil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Palmer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Marine Mammal Care Center, Los Angeles, CA 90731, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adriana","family":"Cabal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3336-6434","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael P.","family":"Szostak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Werner","family":"Ruppitsch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian","family":"Kornschober","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), National Reference Centre for Salmonella, 8010 Graz, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Korus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5393-8922","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dusan","family":"Misic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Functional Food Products Development, Faculty of Biotechnology and Food Science, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 51-630 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tanja","family":"Bernreiter-Hofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Department for Farm Animals and Veterinary Public Health, University Clinic for Swine, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anna D. J.","family":"Korath","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrea T.","family":"Fe\u00dfler","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0045-8164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Franz","family":"Allerberger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Austrian Agency for Health and Food Safety (AGES), Institute of Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6303-8212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Stefan","family":"Schwarz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre for Infection Medicine, Department of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Microbiology and Epizootics, Freie Universit\u00e4t Berlin, 14163 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joachim","family":"Spergser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elke","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sascha D.","family":"Braun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Monecke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute for Medical Microbiology and Hygiene, Technical University of Dresden, 01307 Dresden, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-0043","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ralf","family":"Ehricht","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Leibniz Institute of Photonic Technology (IPHT), 07745 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"InfectoGnostics Research Campus, 07743 Jena, Germany"},{"name":"Institute of Physical Chemistry, Friedrich Schiller University Jena, 07743 Jena, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0437-5147","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Chris","family":"Walzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Wildlife Ecology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1160 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Health Program, Wildlife Conservation Society, Bronx, New York City, NY 10460, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hrvoje","family":"Smodlaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Veterinary Medicine, Western University of Health Sciences, Pomona, CA 91766-1854, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1401-2961","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor","family":"Loncaric","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Microbiology, University of Veterinary Medicine, 1210 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"291","DOI":"10.1007\/s40506-015-0065-1","article-title":"Epidemiology and Treatment of MDR Enterobacteriaceae","volume":"7","author":"Bassetti","year":"2015","journal-title":"Curr. 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