{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:45:12Z","timestamp":1792226712275,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1622937600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chromogranin A (CgA), B (CgB), and C (CgC), the family members of the granin glycoproteins, are associated with diabetes. These proteins are abundantly expressed in neurons, endocrine, and neuroendocrine cells. They are also present in other areas of the body. Patients with diabetic retinopathy have higher levels of CgA, CgB, and CgC in the vitreous humor. In addition, type 1 diabetic patients have high CgA and low CgB levels in the circulating blood. Plasma CgA levels are increased in patients with hypertension, coronary heart disease, and heart failure. CgA is the precursor to several functional peptides, including catestatin, vasostatin-1, vasostatin-2, pancreastatin, chromofungin, and many others. Catestatin, vasostain-1, and vasostatin-2 suppress the expression of vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 in human vascular endothelial cells. Catestatin and vasostatin-1 suppress oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced foam cell formation in human macrophages. Catestatin and vasostatin-2, but not vasostatin-1, suppress the proliferation and these three peptides suppress the migration in human vascular smooth muscles. Chronic infusion of catestatin, vasostatin-1, or vasostatin-2 suppresses the development of atherosclerosis of the aorta in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice. Catestatin, vasostatin-1, vasostatin-2, and chromofungin protect ischemia\/reperfusion-induced myocardial dysfunction in rats. Since pancreastatin inhibits insulin secretion from pancreatic \u03b2-cells, and regulates glucose metabolism in liver and adipose tissues, pancreastatin inhibitor peptide-8 (PSTi8) improves insulin resistance and glucose homeostasis. Catestatin stimulates therapeutic angiogenesis in the mouse hind limb ischemia model. Gene therapy with secretoneurin, a CgC-derived peptide, stimulates postischemic neovascularization in apolipoprotein E-deficient mice and streptozotocin-induced diabetic mice, and improves diabetic neuropathy in db\/db mice. Therefore, CgA is a biomarker for atherosclerosis, diabetes, hypertension, and coronary heart disease. CgA- and CgC--derived polypeptides provide the therapeutic target for atherosclerosis and ischemia-induced tissue damages. PSTi8 is useful in the treatment of diabetes.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22116118","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]],"date-time":"2021-06-06T23:59:55Z","timestamp":1623023995000},"page":"6118","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["The Emerging Roles of Chromogranins and Derived Polypeptides in Atherosclerosis, Diabetes, and Coronary Heart Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9996-2063","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Takuya","family":"Watanabe","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Internal Medicine, Ushioda General Hospital\/Clinic, Yokohama, Kanagawa 230-0001, Japan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16812","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.28350","article-title":"A review on coronary artery disease, its risk factors, and therapeutics","volume":"234","author":"Malakar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"744","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-020-09961-y","article-title":"Atherosclerosis: Insights into vascular pathobiology and outlook to novel treatments","volume":"13","author":"Wolf","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2010-0027","article-title":"The extended granin family: Structure, function, and biomedical implications","volume":"32","author":"Bartolomucci","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6056","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.79.19.6056","article-title":"Similarity of secretory protein I from parathyroid gland to chromogranin A from adrenal medulla","volume":"79","author":"Cohn","year":"1982","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40581","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M304942200","article-title":"Chromogranin B-induced secretory granule biogenesis: Comparison with the similar role of chromogranin A","volume":"278","author":"Huh","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"318","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1986.tb02865.x","article-title":"Chromogranin C: A third component of the acidic proteins in chromaffin granules","volume":"47","author":"Hagn","year":"1986","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13615","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.13615","article-title":"Chromogranin A in cardiovascular endocrinology","volume":"231","author":"Goetze","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"dgaa288","DOI":"10.1210\/clinem\/dgaa288","article-title":"Chromogranins serves as novel biomarker of endocrine and gastric autoimmunity","volume":"105","author":"Ebert","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"865","DOI":"10.1111\/jdi.13203","article-title":"Serum chromogranin A level continuously rises with the progression of type 1diabetes, and indicates the presence of both enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia and autoimmune gastritis","volume":"11","author":"Herold","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Diabetes Investig."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.5603\/EP.a2018.0052","article-title":"Chromogranin A and its role in the pathogenesis of diabetes mellitus","volume":"69","author":"Herold","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endokrynol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2360","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.90.6.2360","article-title":"Chromostatin, a chromogranin A-derived bioactive peptide, is present in human pancreatic insulin (\u03b2) cells","volume":"90","author":"Cetin","year":"1993","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"476","DOI":"10.1038\/324476a0","article-title":"Pancreastatin, a novel pancreatic peptide that inhibits insulin secretion","volume":"324","author":"Tatemoto","year":"1986","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8715","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-27018-8","article-title":"Discovery of pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 for the treatment of insulin resistance and diabetes: Studies in rodent models of diabetes mellitus","volume":"8","author":"Hossain","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1007\/s11906-010-0170-y","article-title":"Catecholamine storage vesicles: Role of core protein genetic polymorphisms in hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2011","journal-title":"Curr. Hypertens. Rep."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.706317","article-title":"Genetic variation within adrenergic pathways determines in vivo effects of presynaptic stimulation in humans","volume":"117","author":"Fung","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1752","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/ddm123","article-title":"An ancestral variant of Secretogranin II confers regulation by PHOX2 transcription factors and association with hypertension","volume":"16","author":"Wen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"797","DOI":"10.1507\/endocrj.EJ14-0471","article-title":"A common genetic variant of the chromogranin A-derived peptide catestatin is associated with atherogenesis and hypertension in a Japanese population","volume":"62","author":"Choi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Endocr. J."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.116.06568","article-title":"Catestatin Gly364Ser variant alters systemic blood pressure and the risk for hypertension in human populations via endothelial nitric oxide pathway","volume":"68","author":"Kiranmayi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1160\/TH17-05-0349","article-title":"Catestatin prevents macrophage-driven atherosclerosis but not arterial injury-induced neointimal hyperplasia","volume":"118","author":"Kojima","year":"2018","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1042\/CS20180451","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of vasostatin-1 against atherogenesis","volume":"132","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Sci."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1160\/TH16-06-0475","article-title":"The anti-inflammatory vasostatin-2 attenuates atherosclerosis in ApoE-\/- mice and inhibits monocyte\/macrophage recruitment","volume":"117","author":"Xiong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4059","DOI":"10.2174\/092986712802429984","article-title":"Endothelium dependent cardiovascular effects of the chromogranin A-derived peptides vasostatin-1 and catestatin","volume":"19","author":"Fornero","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1426","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.013168","article-title":"Identification of the vasoconstriction-inhibiting factor (VIF), a potent endogenous cofactor of angiotensin II acting on the angiotensin II type 2 receptor","volume":"131","author":"Salem","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2017.04.003","article-title":"Granin-derived peptides","volume":"154","author":"Troger","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1038\/215058a0","article-title":"Secretion of a chromaffin granule protein, chromogranin, from the adrenal gland after splanchnic stimulation","volume":"215","author":"Blaschko","year":"1967","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11326","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)44421-8","article-title":"Tyrosine-O-sulfated proteins of PC12 pheochromocytoma cells and their sulfation by a tyrosylprotein sulfotransferase","volume":"258","author":"Lee","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12009","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)80167-3","article-title":"The primary structure of human secretogranin II, a widespread tyrosine-sulfated secretory granule protein that exhibits low pH- and calcium-induced aggregation","volume":"264","author":"Gerdes","year":"1989","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1006\/geno.1996.0171","article-title":"Dispersion of chromogranin\/secretogranin secretory protein family loci in mammalian genomes","volume":"33","author":"Mahata","year":"1996","journal-title":"Genomics"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6918","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)37462-8","article-title":"Human chromogranin A gene. Molecular cloning, structural analysis, and neuroendocrine cell-specific expression","volume":"269","author":"Mouland","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00104.2003","article-title":"Genome-wide linkage analysis of chromogranin B expression in the CEPH pedigrees: Implications for exocytotic sympathochromaffin secretion in humans","volume":"18","author":"Greenwood","year":"2004","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1203","DOI":"10.1002\/j.1460-2075.1987.tb02355.x","article-title":"The primary structure of human secretogranin I (chromogranin B): Comparison with chromogranin A reveals homologous terminal domains and a large intervening variable region","volume":"6","author":"Benedum","year":"1987","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0169-328X(99)00269-7","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of the human secretogranin II gene promoter","volume":"75","author":"Scammell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res. Mol. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2120","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.13-239509","article-title":"The granin VGF promotes genesis of secretory vesicles, and regulatescirculating catecholamine levels and blood pressure","volume":"28","author":"Fargali","year":"2014","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"jcs231373","DOI":"10.1242\/jcs.231373","article-title":"Chromogranin B regulates early-stage insulin granule trafficking from the Golgi in pancreatic islet \u03b2-cells","volume":"132","author":"Bearrows","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/0306-4522(93)90377-R","article-title":"Secretoneurin releases dopamine from rat striatal slices: A biological effect of a peptide derived from secretogranin II (chromogranin C)","volume":"54","author":"Saria","year":"1993","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R45","DOI":"10.1530\/EC-14-0027","article-title":"Biological function and clinical relevance of chromogranin A and derived peptides","volume":"3","author":"Ghinassi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Endocr. Connect."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1111\/nyas.14249","article-title":"Chromogranin A and its fragments in cardiovascular, immunometabolic, and cancer regulation","volume":"1455","author":"Mahata","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1097\/00000478-200110000-00006","article-title":"Chromogranin A in human neuroendocrine tumors: An immunohistochemical study with region-specific antibodies","volume":"25","author":"Grimelius","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"356","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1432-1033.1995.tb20476.x","article-title":"Processing of chromogranin B in bovine adrenal medulla. Identification of secretolytin, the endogenous C-terminal fragment of residues 614\u2013626 with antibacterial activity","volume":"229","author":"Strub","year":"1995","journal-title":"Eur. J. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1182\/blood.V100.2.553","article-title":"Presence of chromogranin-derived antimicrobial peptides in plasma during coronary artery bypass surgery and evidence of an immune origin of these peptides","volume":"100","author":"Tasiemski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"789","article-title":"Secretoneurin and neurogenic inflammation","volume":"20","author":"Wiedermann","year":"1999","journal-title":"Zhongguo Yao Li Xue Bao"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"R\u00f8sj\u00f8, H., Stridsberg, M., Florholmen, G., Stensl\u00f8kken, K.O., Ottesen, A.H., Sjaastad, I., Husberg, C., Dahl, M.B., \u00d8ie, E., and Louch, W.E. (2012). Secretogranin II; a protein increased in the myocardium and circulation in heart failure with cardioprotective properties. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0037401"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2906","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-7440com","article-title":"Hypoxia up-regulates the angiogenic cytokine secretoneurin via an HIF-1\u03b1- and basic FGF-dependent pathway in muscle cells","volume":"21","author":"Egger","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJM198409203111204","article-title":"Radioimmunoassay of chromogranin A in plasma as a measure of exocytotic sympathoadrenal activity in normal subjects and patients with pheochromocytoma","volume":"311","author":"Bernstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2014.00064","article-title":"The surging role of chromogranin A in cardiovascular homeostasis","volume":"2","author":"Tota","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.2217\/bmm.13.102","article-title":"Chromogranin A as a biomarker in cardiovascular disease","volume":"8","author":"Goetze","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomark. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1186\/s13098-020-00569-5","article-title":"Lower serum chromogranin B level is associated with type 1 diabetes and with type 2 diabetes patients with intensive conservative insulin treatment","volume":"12","author":"Herold","year":"2020","journal-title":"Diabetol. Metab. Syndr."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5414","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2005-0408","article-title":"Pancreastatin: Multiple actions on human intermediary metabolism in vivo, variation in disease, and naturally occurring functional genetic polymorphism","volume":"90","author":"Cadman","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1951","DOI":"10.2337\/diacare.21.11.1951","article-title":"Increased plasma pancreastatin-like levels in gestational diabetes: Correlation with catecholamine levels","volume":"21","author":"Goberna","year":"1998","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2297","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehs122","article-title":"Reduced serum levels of vasostatin-2, an anti-inflammatory peptide derived from chromogranin A, are associated with the presence and severity of coronary artery disease","volume":"33","author":"Lu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"549","article-title":"Serum catestatin concentrations are decreased in obese children and adolescents","volume":"20","author":"Simunovic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2020.07.040","article-title":"Chromogranin-A serum levels in patients with takotsubo syndrome and ST elevation acute myocardial infarction","volume":"320","author":"Tarantino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehn513","article-title":"Prognostic value of circulating chromogranin A levels in acute coronary syndromes","volume":"30","author":"Jansson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"927.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ahj.2006.05.008","article-title":"Prognostic value of plasma chromogranin A levels in patients with complicated myocardial infarction","volume":"152","author":"Estensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9343(02)01425-0","article-title":"Association between plasma chromogranin A concentration and long-term mortality after myocardial infarction","volume":"114","author":"Omland","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2017.02.019","article-title":"Plasma levels of vasostatin-1, a chromogranin A fragment, are associated with carotid artery maximum stenosis: A pilot study","volume":"236","author":"Bachetti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2018.12.025","article-title":"Decreased circulating catestatin levels are associated with coronary artery disease: The emerging anti-inflammatory role","volume":"281","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.1159\/000448987","article-title":"Plasma catestatin in patients with acute coronary syndrome","volume":"136","author":"Xu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cardiology"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2016.06.065","article-title":"Association of decreased serum vasostatin-2 level with ischemic chronic heart failure and with MACE in 3-year follow-up: Vasostatin-2 prevents heart failure in myocardial infarction rats","volume":"221","author":"Pan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.3109\/14017431.2013.794951","article-title":"Plasma levels and potential roles of catestatin in patients with coronary heart disease","volume":"47","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Scand. Cardiovasc. J."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zhu, D., Xie, H., Wang, X., Liang, Y., Yu, H., and Gao, W. (2015). Correlation of plasma catestatin level and the prognosis of patients with acute myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0122993"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, W., Yu, H., Li, W., Gao, W., Guo, L., and Wang, G. (2016). Plasma catestatin: A useful biomarker for coronary collateral development with chronic myocardial ischemia. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0149062"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44168","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44168","article-title":"Catestatin\u2013A novel predictor of left ventricular remodeling after acute myocardial infarction","volume":"7","author":"Zhu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1136\/postgradmedj-2012-131060","article-title":"Plasma catestatin level in patients with acute myocardial infarction and its correlation with ventricular remodelling","volume":"89","author":"Meng","year":"2013","journal-title":"Postgrad. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1161\/01.HYP.26.1.213","article-title":"Chromogranin A in human hypertension. Influence of heredity","volume":"26","author":"Takiyyuddin","year":"1995","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.5152\/akd.2014.5536","article-title":"The relationship of plasma catestatin concentrations with metabolic and vascular parameters in untreated hypertensive patients: Influence on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol","volume":"15","author":"Ayaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Anatol. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"251","article-title":"Increased plasma pancreastatin-like immunoreactivity levels in non-obese patients with essential hypertension","volume":"13","author":"Valle","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1053\/euhj.2001.2977","article-title":"Chromogranin A in heart failure; a novel neurohumoral factor and a predictor for mortality","volume":"23","author":"Ceconi","year":"2002","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCHEARTFAILURE.109.867747","article-title":"Chromogranin B in heart failure: A putative cardiac biomarker expressed in the failing myocardium","volume":"3","author":"Husberg","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Heart Fail."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2013.05.003","article-title":"Plasma levels and diagnostic value of catestatin in patients with heart failure","volume":"46","author":"Liu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dobson, R., Burgess, M.I., Banks, M., Pritchard, D.M., Vora, J., Valle, J.W., Wong, C., Chadwick, C., George, K., and Keevil, B. (2013). The association of a panel of biomarkers with the presence and severity of carcinoid heart disease: A cross-sectional study. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0073679"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1117","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehm022","article-title":"Myocardial production of chromogranin A in human heart: A new regulatory peptide of cardiac function","volume":"28","author":"Pieroni","year":"2007","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1186\/s13075-016-1082-2","article-title":"Chromogranin-A production and fragmentation in patients with Takayasu arteritis","volume":"18","author":"Tombetti","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2014.10.065","article-title":"Secretoneurin is a novel prognostic cardiovascular biomarker associated with cardiomyocyte calcium handling","volume":"65","author":"Ottesen","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clinbiochem.2019.06.008","article-title":"Circulating secretoneurin concentrations in patients with moderate to severe aortic stenosis","volume":"71","author":"Brynildsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e412","DOI":"10.1097\/CCM.0000000000003670","article-title":"Circulating secretoneurin concentrations after cardiac surgery: Data from the FINNish Acute Kidney Injury Heart Study","volume":"47","author":"Brynildsen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Care Med."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.17305\/bjbms.2010.2725","article-title":"Chromogranin A detection in saliva of type 2 diabetes patients","volume":"10","author":"Soell","year":"2010","journal-title":"Bosn. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.archoralbio.2015.11.005","article-title":"Impact of glycemic control on oral health status in type 2 diabetes individuals and its association with salivary and plasma levels of chromogranin A","volume":"62","author":"Kogawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Oral Biol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2010.12.004","article-title":"Processing of chromogranins\/secretogranin in patients with diabetic retinopathy","volume":"167","author":"Fournier","year":"2011","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1352","DOI":"10.2174\/0929867324666170425100416","article-title":"Catestatin: A mster regulation of cardiovascular functions","volume":"25","author":"Mahata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.3109\/10641960903265246","article-title":"Direct vasoactive effects of the chromogranin A (CHGA) peptide catestatin in humans in vivo","volume":"32","author":"Fung","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"405","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.1993.tb00501.x","article-title":"Vasostatins, comprising the N-terminal domain of chromogranin A, suppress tension in isolated human blood vessel segments","volume":"5","author":"Aardal","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/0167-0115(93)90269-E","article-title":"Human chromostatin inhibits endothelin-1-induced contractures in human blood vessels","volume":"47","author":"Aardal","year":"1993","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/S0898-6568(00)00127-3","article-title":"Pancreastatin, a chromogranin A-derived peptide, activates Galpha(16) and phospholipase C-beta(2) by interacting with specific receptors in rat heartmembranes","volume":"13","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell Signal."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35875","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M104670200","article-title":"Structural and biological characterization of chromofungin, the antifungal chromogranin A-(47-66)-derived peptide","volume":"276","author":"Lugardon","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11928","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.272.18.11928","article-title":"Phosphorylation and O-glycosylation sites of bovine chromogarnin A from adrenal medullary chromaffin granules and their relationship with biological activities","volume":"272","author":"Strub","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2888","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-201111","article-title":"The novel chromogranin A-derived serpinin and pyroglutaminated serpininpeptides are positive cardiac \u03b2-adrenergic-like inotropes","volume":"26","author":"Tota","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107487","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107487","article-title":"Cateslytin abrogates lipopolysaccharide-induced cardiomyocyte injury by reducing inflammation and oxidative stress through toll like receptor 4 interaction","volume":"94","author":"Rocca","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.219493","article-title":"The neuropeptide catestatin acts as a novel angiogenic cytokine via a basic fibroblast growth factor-dependent mechanism","volume":"107","author":"Theurl","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.2174\/1389203054546334","article-title":"Secretoneurin: A new player in angiogenesis and chemotaxis linking nerves, blood vessels and the immune system","volume":"6","author":"Kirchmair","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Protein Pept. Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3906","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-182410","article-title":"The vasostatin-1 fragment of chromogranin A preserves a quiescent phenotype in hypoxia-driven endothelial cells and regulates tumor neovascularization","volume":"25","author":"Veschini","year":"2011","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e218","DOI":"10.1111\/aos.12557","article-title":"Effect of chromogranin A-derived vasostatin-1 on laser-induced choroidal neovascularization in the mouse","volume":"93","author":"Maestroni","year":"2015","journal-title":"Acta Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2491","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.076950","article-title":"The angiogenic factor secretoneurin induces coronary angiogenesis in a model of myocardial infarction by stimulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling in endothelial cells","volume":"126","author":"Schgoer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvx226","article-title":"Endothelial permeability, LDL deposition, and cardiovascular risk factors\u2014A review","volume":"114","author":"Mundi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/j.atherosclerosis.2010.05.029","article-title":"Effect of endothelial cell proliferation on atherogenesis: A role of p21Sdi\/Cip\/Waf1 in monocyte adhesion to endothelial cells","volume":"212","author":"Obikane","year":"2010","journal-title":"Atherosclerosis"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.03-0922fje","article-title":"Chromogranin A protects vessels against tumor necrosis factor \u03b1-induced vascular leakage","volume":"18","author":"Ferreno","year":"2004","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1007\/s00424-017-2027-6","article-title":"Chromogranins: From discovery to current times","volume":"470","author":"Helle","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pflugers Arch."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2020.170297","article-title":"Chromogranin A (CGA)-derived polypeptide (CGA47-66) inhibits TNF-\u03b1-induced vascular endothelial hyper-permeability through SOC-related Ca2+ signaling","volume":"131","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2006.04.007","article-title":"The chromogranin A peptide vasostatin-I inhibits gap formation and signal transduction mediated by inflammatory agents in cultured bovine pulmonary and coronary arterial endothelial cells","volume":"135","author":"Blois","year":"2006","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3052","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6829com","article-title":"The vasostatin-I fragment of chromogranin A inhibits VEGF-induced endothelial proliferation and migration","volume":"21","author":"Belloni","year":"2007","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.regpep.2009.09.009","article-title":"Regulatory peptides from chromogranin A and secretogranin II: Putative modulators of cells and tissues involved in inflammatory conditions","volume":"165","author":"Helle","year":"2010","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.199513","article-title":"Gene therapy with the angiogenic cytokine secretoneurin induces therapeutic angiogenesis by a nitric oxide-dependent mechanism","volume":"105","author":"Schgoer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"932","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.5.932","article-title":"Inhibition of proliferation and stimulation of migration of endothelial cells by secretoneurin in vitro","volume":"17","author":"Kirchmair","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-0115(02)00161-1","article-title":"The neuropeptide secretoneurin stimulates adhesion of human monocytes to arterial and venous endothelial cells in vitro","volume":"110","author":"Kaufmann","year":"2002","journal-title":"Regul. Pept."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H1159","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.00519.2010","article-title":"Secretoneurin facilitates endothelium-dependent relaxations in porcine coronary arteries","volume":"300","author":"Chan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"494","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacbts.2016.07.008","article-title":"Atheroprotective effects of tumor necrosis factor-stimulated gene-6","volume":"6","author":"Watanabe","year":"2016","journal-title":"JACC Basic Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2008.09.016","article-title":"Monocyte migration: A novel effect and signaling pathways of catestatin","volume":"598","author":"Egger","year":"2008","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(93)81676-Q","article-title":"Attraction of human monocytes by the neuropeptide secretoneurin","volume":"334","author":"Reinisch","year":"1993","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1670","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.120.16809","article-title":"Immunosuppression of macrophages underlies the cardioprotective effects of CST (Catestatin)","volume":"77","author":"Ying","year":"2021","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1177\/1358863X08094801","article-title":"Collagens in the progression and complications of atherosclerosis","volume":"14","author":"Adiguzel","year":"2009","journal-title":"Vasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s12265-012-9349-8","article-title":"Elastin in large artery stiffness and hypertension","volume":"5","author":"Wagenseil","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Transl. Res."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.12.097","article-title":"Vasostatin-2 inhibits cell proliferation and adhesion in vascular smooth muscle cells, which are associated with the progression of atherosclerosis","volume":"469","author":"Hou","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2011.03.104","article-title":"The neuropeptide catestatin promotes vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation through the Ca2+-calcineurin-NFAT signaling pathway","volume":"407","author":"Guo","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1161\/01.ATV.17.10.2029","article-title":"Response of vascular smooth muscle cells to the neuropeptide secretoneurin. A functional role for migration and proliferation in vitro","volume":"17","author":"Schratzberger","year":"1997","journal-title":"Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.1002\/ar.23929","article-title":"The neuropeptide secretoneurin exerts a direct effect on arteriogenesis in vivo and in vitro","volume":"301","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anat. Rec."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2020.111113","article-title":"Catestatin peptide of chromogranin A as a potential new target for several risk factors management in the course of metabolic syndrome","volume":"134","author":"Bourebaba","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28498","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.020636","article-title":"A novel pathway of insulin sensistivity in chromogranin A null mice: A crucial role for pancreastatin in glucose homeostasis","volume":"284","author":"Gayen","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2017.00020","article-title":"Chromogranin A regulation of obesity and peripheral insulin sensitivity","volume":"8","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3353","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2012-2210","article-title":"Full-length human chromogranin-A cardioactivity: Myocardial, coronary, and stimulus-induced processing evidence in normotensive and hypertensive male rat hearts","volume":"154","author":"Pasqua","year":"2013","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1171","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-010-9598-5","article-title":"Catestatin improves post-ischemic left ventricular function and decreases ischemia\/reperfusion injury in heart","volume":"30","author":"Penna","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H719","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.01352.2006","article-title":"Human recombinant chromogranin A-derived vasostatin-1 mimics preconditioning via an adenosine\/nitric oxide signaling mechanism","volume":"293","author":"Cappello","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2015.06.013","article-title":"Chromofungin, CgA 47-66 \u2013derived peptide, produces basal cardiac effects and postconditioning cardioprotective action during ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"71","author":"Filice","year":"2015","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0199","article-title":"pGlu-serpinin protects the normotensive and hypertensive heart from ischemic injury","volume":"227","author":"Pasqua","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvu237","article-title":"Secretoneurin gene therapy improves hind limb and cardiac ischaemia in Apo E-\/- mice without influencing systemic atherosclerosis","volume":"105","author":"Theurl","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jconrel.2017.02.004","article-title":"Nanoparticular delivery system for a secretoneurin derivative induces angiogenesis in a hind limb ischemia model","volume":"250","author":"Barthelmes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Control. Release"},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Schgoer, W., Theurl, M., Albrecht-Schgoer, K., Jonach, V., Koller, B., Lener, D., Franz, W.M., and Kirchmair, R. (2013). Secretoneurin gene therapy improves blood flow in an ischemia model in type 1 diabetic mice by enhancing therapeutic neovascularization. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0074029"},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4815","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201701391R","article-title":"Gene therapy with the angiogenic neuropeptide secretoneurin ameliorates experimental diabetic neuropathy","volume":"32","author":"Theurl","year":"2018","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2018.01.008","article-title":"Secretoneurin suppresses cardiac hypertrophy through suppression of oxidant stress","volume":"822","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2017.03.055","article-title":"Administration of secretoneurin is protective in hypoxic-ischemic neonatal brain injury predominantly in the hypoxic-only hemisphere","volume":"352","author":"Posod","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"133","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI32723","article-title":"Secretoneurin promotes neuroprotection and neuronal plasticity via the Jak2\/Stat3 pathway in murine models of stroke","volume":"118","author":"Shyu","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.2337\/db17-0788","article-title":"Catestatin inhibits obesity-induced macrophage infiltration and inflammation in the liver and suppresses hepatic glucose production, leading to improved insulin sensitivity","volume":"67","author":"Ying","year":"2018","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3239","DOI":"10.2337\/db12-0112","article-title":"Diabetogenic T-cell clones recognize an altered peptide of chromogranin A","volume":"61","author":"Delong","year":"2012","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2015.04.017","article-title":"Identification of autoreactive CD8+ T cell responses targeting chromogranin A in humanized NOD mice and type 1 diabetes patients","volume":"159","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3831","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1003617","article-title":"Cutting edge: Vasostatin-1-derived peptide ChgA29-42 is an antigenic epitope of diabetogenic BDC2.5 T cells in nonobese diabetic mice","volume":"186","author":"Nikoopour","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1060","DOI":"10.1152\/physiolgenomics.00131.2013","article-title":"Pancreastatin is an endogenous peptide that regulates glucose homeostasis","volume":"45","author":"Valicherla","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Genomics"},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1006\/bbrc.2001.5967","article-title":"Pancreastatin, a chromogranin-A-derived peptide, inhibits insulin-stimulated glycogen synthesis by activating GSK-3 in rat adipocytes","volume":"289","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"172723","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2019.172723","article-title":"Pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 attenuates hyperinsulinemia induced obesity and inflammation mediated insulin resistance via MAPK\/NOX3-JNK pathway","volume":"864","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.2337\/db13-1747","article-title":"Pancreastatin-dependent inflammatory signaling mediates obesity-induced insulin resistance","volume":"64","author":"Bandyopadhyay","year":"2015","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"1185","article-title":"Pancreastatin secretion stimulation in healthy volunteers","volume":"108","author":"Bak","year":"2002","journal-title":"Pol. Arch. Med. Wewn."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"528","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2002.tb04518.x","article-title":"Studies of the dysglycemic peptide, pancreastatin, using a human forearm model","volume":"971","author":"Cadman","year":"2002","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0029-1211973","article-title":"Effect of human pancreastatin peptide (hP-16) on oral glucose tolerance in man","volume":"106","author":"Siegel","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Clin. Endocrinol. Diabetes"},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.peptides.2019.170147","article-title":"Pancreastatin inhibitor, PSTi8 ameliorates metabolic health by modulating AKT\/GSK-3\u03b2 and PKC\u03bb\/\u03b6\/SREBP1c pathways in high fat diet induced insulin resistance in peri-\/post-menopausal rats","volume":"120","author":"Valicherla","year":"2019","journal-title":"Peptides"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"173204","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2020.173204","article-title":"Pancreastatin inhibitor PSTi8 protects the obesity associated skeletal muscle insulin resistance in diet induced streptozotocin-treated diabetic mice","volume":"881","author":"Gupta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108959","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108959","article-title":"Pancreastatin inhibitor activates AMPK pathway via GPR78 and ameliorates dexamethasone induced fatty liver disease in C57BL\/6 mice","volume":"116","author":"Gupta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/11\/6118\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:11:28Z","timestamp":1760163088000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/11\/6118"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]]},"references-count":144,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22116118"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22116118","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,6]]}}}