{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,3]],"date-time":"2026-06-03T16:17:20Z","timestamp":1780503440706,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":162,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623196800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Following the increase in life expectancy, the prevalence of Parkinson\u2019s disease (PD) as the most common movement disorder is expected to rise. Despite the incredibly huge efforts in research to find the definitive biomarker, to date, the diagnosis of PD still relies mainly upon clinical symptoms. A wide range of treatments is available for PD, mainly alleviating the clinical symptoms. However, none of these current therapies can stop or even slow down the disease evolution. Hence, disease-modifying treatment is still a paramount unmet medical need. On the other side, bilirubin and its enzymatic machinery and precursors have offered potential benefits by targeting multiple mechanisms in chronic diseases, including PD. Nevertheless, only limited discussions are available in the context of neurological conditions, particularly in PD. Therefore, in this review, we profoundly discuss this topic to understand bilirubin\u2019s therapeutical potential in PD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126223","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]],"date-time":"2021-06-09T04:22:22Z","timestamp":1623212542000},"page":"6223","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Bilirubin: A Promising Therapy for Parkinson\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sri","family":"Jayanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy"},{"name":"Faculty of Medicine, University of Hasanuddin, Makassar 90245, Indonesia"},{"name":"Molecular Biomedicine Ph.D. Program, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9731-2697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rita","family":"Moretti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Neurology Clinic, Department of Medical, Surgical, and Health Sciences, University of Trieste, 34139 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6596-7595","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudio","family":"Tiribelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9403-3564","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvia","family":"Gazzin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Fondazione Italiana Fegato-Onlus, Bldg. Q, AREA Science Park, ss14, Km 163.5, Basovizza, 34149 Trieste, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"877","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(17)30299-5","article-title":"Global, regional, and national burden of neurological disorders during 1990\u20132015: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"16","author":"Feigin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1001\/jamaneurol.2017.3299","article-title":"The Parkinson Pandemic\u2014A Call to Action","volume":"75","author":"Dorsey","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA Neurol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"1","article-title":"Current and projected future economic burden of Parkinson\u2019s disease in the U.S","volume":"6","author":"Yang","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Parkinson\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ncl.2016.06.012","article-title":"Epidemiology of Parkinson Disease","volume":"34","author":"Lee","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurol. 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