{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T05:59:39Z","timestamp":1790143179726,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":150,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623283200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000968","name":"American Heart Association","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#16SDG3070001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#16SDG3070001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000968","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"NEI grant awards","award":["1R01EY029751-02"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R01EY029751-02"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000053","name":"NEI","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["P30EY031631"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P30EY031631"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000053","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Hyperhomocysteinemia (HHcy) is remarkably common among the aging population. The relation between HHcy and the development of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) and eye diseases, and age-related macular degeneration (AMD) and diabetic retinopathy (DR) in elderly people, has been established. Disruption of the blood barrier function of the brain and retina is one of the most important underlying mechanisms associated with HHcy-induced neurodegenerative and retinal disorders. Impairment of the barrier function triggers inflammatory events that worsen disease pathology. Studies have shown that AD patients also suffer from visual impairments. As an extension of the central nervous system, the retina has been suggested as a prominent site of AD pathology. This review highlights inflammation as a possible underlying mechanism of HHcy-induced barrier dysfunction and neurovascular injury in aging diseases accompanied by HHcy, focusing on AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126259","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]],"date-time":"2021-06-10T13:31:39Z","timestamp":1623331899000},"page":"6259","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":63,"title":["Homocysteine and Age-Related Central Nervous System Diseases: Role of Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0245-8256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amany","family":"Tawfik","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia (MCG), Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Eye Research Institue, Oakland University, Rochester, MI 48309, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5167-3377","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nehal M.","family":"Elsherbiny","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura 35516, Egypt"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yusra","family":"Zaidi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pragya","family":"Rajpurohit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences, Dental College of Georgia, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"},{"name":"James and Jean Culver Vision Discovery Institute, MCG, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smith, A.D., and Refsum, H. 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