{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T01:18:21Z","timestamp":1792459101122,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623369600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>TAFRO syndrome is an extremely rare form of idiopathic MCD, characterized by thrombocytopenia, anasarca, fever, reticulin fibrosis on bone marrow biopsy, and organomegaly. Like idiopathic MCD, renal involvement is also a common presentation in patients with TAFRO syndrome. Furthermore, membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN)-like injury and thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) are the most reported histopathologic findings of renal biopsy. Several molecular mechanisms have been previously postulated in order to explain the TAFRO syndrome symptoms, including abnormal production of interleukin-6 (IL-6), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), etc. The role of these cytokines in renal injury, however, is not well understood. The aim of this review article is to summarize the latest knowledge of molecular mechanisms behind the TAFRO syndrome and their potential role in renal damage.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126286","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]],"date-time":"2021-06-11T12:44:37Z","timestamp":1623415477000},"page":"6286","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["TAFRO Syndrome with Renal Thrombotic Microangiopathy: Insights into the Molecular Mechanism and Treatment Opportunities"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Kun-Hua","family":"Tu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Transplantation Immunology Lab, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pei-Yi","family":"Fan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tai-Di","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3729-073X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wen-Yu","family":"Chuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gang University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chao-Yi","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Allergy, Asthma and Rheumatology, Department of Pediatrics, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Lung","family":"Ku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gang University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0314-5876","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ya-Chung","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Transplantation Immunology Lab, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chih-Wei","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gang University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ji-Tseng","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"College of Medicine, Chang-Gang University, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6826-9717","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Huang-Yu","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Kidney Research Center, Department of Nephrology, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Transplantation Immunology Lab, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"},{"name":"Advanced Immunology Lab, Chang-Gung Memorial Hospital, Taoyuan 333, Taiwan"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1658","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-11-748855","article-title":"Clinical and pathological characteristics of HIV- and HHV-8-negative Castleman disease","volume":"129","author":"Yu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfq427","article-title":"Renal involvement in Castleman disease","volume":"26","author":"Karoui","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nephrol. 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