{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,5]],"date-time":"2026-09-05T03:58:28Z","timestamp":1788580708340,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":97,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005632","name":"The National Centre for Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BIOSTRATEG3\/344433\/16\/NCBR\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BIOSTRATEG3\/344433\/16\/NCBR\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005632","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The number of raspberry plants dying from a sudden outbreak of gray mold, verticillium wilt, anthracnosis, and phytophthora infection has increased in recent times, leading to crop failure. The plants suffer tissue collapse and black roots, symptoms similar to a Botrytis\u2013Verticillium\u2013Colletotrichum\u2013Phytophthora disease complex. A sizeable number of fungal isolates were acquired from the root and rhizosphere samples of wild raspberries from different locations. Subsequent in vitro tests revealed that a core consortium of 11 isolates of selected Trichoderma spp. was the most essential element for reducing in phytopathogen expansion. For this purpose, isolates were characterized by the efficiency of their antagonistic properties against Botrytis, Verticillium, Colletotrichum and Phytophthora isolates and with hydrolytic properties accelerating the decomposition of organic matter in the soil and thus making nutrients available to plants. Prebiotic additive supplementation with a mixture of adonitol, arabitol, erythritol, mannitol, sorbitol, and adenosine was proven in a laboratory experiment to be efficient in stimulating the growth of Trichoderma isolates. Through an in vivo pathosystem experiment, different raspberry naturalization-protection strategies (root inoculations and watering with native Trichoderma isolates, applied separately or simultaneously) were tested under controlled phytotron conditions. The experimental application of phytopathogens attenuated raspberry plant and soil properties, while Trichoderma consortium incorporation exhibited a certain trend of improving these features in terms of a short-term response, depending on the pathosystem and naturalization strategy. What is more, a laboratory-scale development of a biopreparation for the naturalization of the raspberry rhizosphere based on the Trichoderma consortium was proposed in the context of two application scenarios. The first was a ready-to-use formulation to be introduced while planting (pellets, gel). The second was a variant to be applied with naturalizing watering (soluble powder).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126356","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:30:25Z","timestamp":1623666625000},"page":"6356","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Trichoderma-Based Biopreparation with Prebiotics Supplementation for the Naturalization of Raspberry Plant Rhizosphere"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6317-0128","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Oszust","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Do\u015bwiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1863-9200","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Pylak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Do\u015bwiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9437-3139","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Fr\u0105c","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Agrophysics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Do\u015bwiadczalna 4, 20-290 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"OECD-FAO (2021, May 28). Agricultural Outlook 2019\u20132028. Available online: https:\/\/www.oecd-ilibrary.org\/agriculture-and-food\/oecd-fao-agricultural-outlook-2019-2028_agr_outlook-2019-en."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107117","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2020.107117","article-title":"First report on the microbial communities of the wild and planted raspberry rhizosphere\u2014A statement on the taxa, processes and a new indicator of functional diversity","volume":"121","author":"Oszust","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecol. Ind."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malarczyk, D., Panek, J., and Frac, M. (2019). Alternative molecular-based diagnostic methods of plant pathogenic fungi affecting berry crops-a review. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071200"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oszust, K., Cybulska, J., and Fr\u0105c, M. (2020). How do Trichoderma genus fungi win a nutritional competition battle against soft fruit pathogens? A report on niche overlap nutritional potentiates. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21124235"},{"key":"ref_5","unstructured":"Regulation EC (2021, May 28). Council Regulation (EC) No 834\/2007. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/eli\/reg\/2007\/834\/oj."},{"key":"ref_6","unstructured":"Communication, EU Biodiversity Strategy for 2030 (2021, May 28). COM(2020)380. Bringing Nature Back into Our Lives. Available online: https:\/\/eur-lex.europa.eu\/legal-content\/PL\/TXT\/PDF\/?uri=CELEX:52020DC0380&from=EN."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104950","DOI":"10.1016\/j.landusepol.2020.104950","article-title":"The relevance of sustainable soil management within the European Green Deal","volume":"100","author":"Montanarella","year":"2021","journal-title":"Land Use Policy"},{"key":"ref_8","unstructured":"High Level Panel of Experts on Food Security and Nutrition of the Committee on World Food Security (2021, May 28). Agroecological and Other Innovative Approaches for Sustainable Agriculture and Food Systems That Enhance Food Security and Nutrition. Available online: http:\/\/www.fao.org\/3\/ca5602en\/ca5602en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"van der Heijden, M.G., and Hartmann, M. (2016). Networking in the plant microbiome. PLoS Biol., 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pbio.1002378"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14247","article-title":"Comprehensive insight into arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Trichoderma spp. and plant multilevel interactions with emphasis on biostimulation of horticultural crops","volume":"127","author":"Kopta","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_11","unstructured":"Gupta, V.K., Schmoll, M., Herrera-Estrella, A., Upadhyay, R.S., Druzhinina, I., and Tuohy, M.G. (2014). Chapter 40\u2014Trichoderma: A silent worker of plant rhizosphere. Biotechnology and Biology of Trichoderma, Elsevier."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sood, M., Kapoor, D., Kumar, V., Sheteiwy, M.S., Ramakrishnan, M., Landi, M., Araniti, F., and Sharma, A. (2020). Trichoderma: The \u201csecrets\u201d of a multitalented biocontrol agent. Plants, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants9060762"},{"key":"ref_13","unstructured":"Yadav, A.N., Mishra, S., Singh, S., and Gupta, A. (2019). Trichoderma: Biodiversity, ecological significances, and industrial applications. Recent Advancement in White Biotechnology through Fungi Volume 1: Diversity and Enzymes Perspectives, Springer Nature Switzerland AG."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A.K., and Sharma, P. (2020). Trichoderma. Host Pathogen Interactions and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3321-1"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jaroszuk-\u015acise\u0142, J., Ty\u015bkiewicz, R., Nowak, A., Ozimek, E., Majewska, M., Hanaka, A., Ty\u015bkiewicz, K., Pawlik, A., and Janusz, G. (2019). Phytohormones (auxin, gibberellin) and ACC deaminase in vitro synthesized by the mycoparasitic Trichoderma DEMTkZ3A0 strain and changes in the level of auxin and plant resistance markers in wheat seedlings inoculated with this strain conidia. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20194923"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6187","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.12.3.6187-6206","article-title":"Characterization and influence of a multi-enzymatic biopreparation for biogas yield enhancement","volume":"12","author":"Oszust","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bioresources"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"945","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.15.1.945-966","article-title":"Apple pomace microbiome carrying fungal load against phytopathogens\u2014Considerations regarding application in agriculture and horticulture","volume":"15","author":"Oszust","year":"2020","journal-title":"Bioresources"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aoas.2020.09.003","article-title":"Biological functions of Trichoderma spp. for agriculture applications","volume":"65","author":"Zin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"597","DOI":"10.1007\/s11157-019-09500-5","article-title":"Review report on the role of bioproducts, biopreparations, biostimulants and microbial inoculants in organic production of fruit","volume":"18","author":"Pylak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Singh, H.B., Keswani, C., and Singh, S.P. (2019). A Patent survey of Trichoderma spp. (from 2007 to 2017). Intellectual Property Issues in Microbiology, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-7466-1"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pylak, M., Oszust, K., and Fr\u0105c, M. (2020). Searching for new beneficial bacterial isolates of wild raspberries for biocontrol of phytopathogens-antagonistic properties and functional characterization. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249361"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kumar, V., Kumar, M., Sharma, S., and Prasad, R. (2017). Carriers and their role in plant agrosystem. Probiotics and Plant Health, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-10-3473-2"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"020072","DOI":"10.1063\/1.5027987","article-title":"Isolation and identification of local bacteria endophyte and screening of its antimicrobial property against pathogenic bacteria and fungi","volume":"140","author":"Fikri","year":"2018","journal-title":"AIP Conf. Proc."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E5013","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1505765112","article-title":"Native root-associated bacteria rescue a plant from a sudden-wilt disease that emerged during continuous cropping","volume":"112","author":"Santhanam","year":"2015","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jare.2019.03.004","article-title":"A review on the plant microbiome: Ecology, functions, and emerging trends in microbial application","volume":"19","author":"Compant","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Adv. Res."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tifs.2019.07.044","article-title":"The bidirectional relationship between host physiology and microbiota and health benefits of probiotics: A review","volume":"9","author":"Cheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Food. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1186\/s13099-018-0250-0","article-title":"The role of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics in animal nutrition","volume":"10","author":"Markowiak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_28","first-page":"1","article-title":"Cropping practices manipulate abundance patterns of root and soil microbiome members paving the way to smart farming","volume":"6","author":"Hartman","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s12600-011-0151-y","article-title":"Trichoderma\u2014not just for biocontrol anymore","volume":"39","author":"Harman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytoparasitica"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocontrol.2010.12.004","article-title":"Stepwise screening of microorganisms for commercial use in biological control of plant-pathogenic fungi and bacteria","volume":"57","author":"Postma","year":"2011","journal-title":"Biol. Control."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.3126\/njb.v5i1.18492","article-title":"Trichoderma species as biocontrol agent against soil borne fungal pathogens","volume":"5","author":"Bastakoti","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nepal J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Daguerre, Y., Edel-Hermann, V., and Steinberg, C. (2016). Fungal Genes and Metabolites Associated with the Biocontrol of Soil-Borne Plant Pathogenic Fungi, Springer International Publishing.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-19456-1_27-1"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phytochem.2007.01.020","article-title":"Secondary metabolite chemistry of the marine-derived fungus Massarina sp., strain CNT-016","volume":"68","author":"Asolkar","year":"2007","journal-title":"Phytochemistry"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dal Molin, A., Minio, A., Griggio, F., Delledonne, M., Infantino, A., and Aragona, M. (2018). The genome assembly of the fungal pathogen Pyrenochaeta lycopersici from single-molecule real time sequencing sheds new light on its biological complexity. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0200217"},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"221","article-title":"Antifungal activity and mechanism of \u03b5-polylysine against Geotrichum citri-aurantii","volume":"41","author":"Xiao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"184","article-title":"Morphological and molecular identification of Mortierella species associated to rhizosphere of apple trees with symptoms of root diseases","volume":"36","year":"2018","journal-title":"Rev. Mex. Fitopat"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4459","DOI":"10.4067\/S0717-97072019000204459","article-title":"Natural compounds: A sustainable alternative to the phytopathogens control","volume":"64","author":"Carrasco","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Chil. Chem. Soc."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2018.07.004","article-title":"Amazon basin pasture soils reveal susceptibility to phytopathogens and lower fungal community dissimilarity than forest","volume":"131","author":"Cerqueira","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Soil. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pretscher, J., Fischkal, T., Branscheidt, S., J\u00e4ger, L., Kahl, S., Schlander, M., Thines, E., and Claus, H. (2018). Yeasts from different habitats and their potential as biocontrol agents. Fermentation, 4.","DOI":"10.3390\/fermentation4020031"},{"key":"ref_40","unstructured":"Oszust, K., Pylak, M., and Fr\u0105c, M. (2020). Spos\u00f3b otrzymywania biopreparatu do naturalizacji ryzosfery ro\u015blin malin o w\u0142a\u015bciwo\u015bciach antagonistycznych w stosunku do fitopatogen\u00f3w grzybowych nale\u017c\u0105cych do rodzaju Botrytis, Verticillium, Colletotrichum i Phytophthora z zastosowaniem szczep\u00f3w grzyba z rodzaju Trichoderma, biopreparat do naturalizacji ryzosfery ro\u015blin malin, spos\u00f3b prowadzenia hodowli szczep\u00f3w grzyb\u00f3w z rodzaju Trichoderma do zastosowania w biopreparacie oraz kompozycja pod\u0142o\u017ca namna\u017caj\u0105cego dla grzyb\u00f3w z rodzaju Trichoderma. (No. P.434148), Patent Application."},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"1","article-title":"Trichoderma-plant-pathogen interactions for benefit of agriculture and environment. Biocontrol agents and secondary metabolites: Applications and immunization for plant growth and protection","volume":"41","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Woodhead Publ."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Keswani, C., Bisen, K., Singh, S., Sarma, B., and Singh, H. (2016). A proteomic approach to understand the tripartite interactions between plant-Trichoderma-pathogen: Investigating the potential for efficient biological control. Plant, Soil and Microbes, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-29573-2_5"},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"fiy137","article-title":"Trichoderma atroviride promotes tomato development and alters the root exudation of carbohydrates, which stimulates fungal growth and the biocontrol of the phytopathogen Phytophthora cinnamomi in a tripartite interaction system","volume":"94","year":"2018","journal-title":"FEMS Microb. Ecol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-010-2632-1","article-title":"Biology and biotechnology of Trichoderma","volume":"87","author":"Schuster","year":"2010","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechn."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2007.07.002","article-title":"Trichoderma\u2013plant\u2013pathogen interactions","volume":"40","author":"Vinale","year":"2008","journal-title":"Soil Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.femsre.2004.11.005","article-title":"Living in a fungal world: Impact of fungi on soil bacterial niche development","volume":"29","author":"Boer","year":"2005","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2020.126552","article-title":"The interactions of Trichoderma at multiple trophic levels: Inter-kingdom communication","volume":"240","author":"Larsen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lasa, A.V., Ma\u0161\u00ednov\u00e1, T., Baldrian, P., and Fern\u00e1ndez-L\u00f3pez, M. (2019). Bacteria from the endosphere and rhizosphere of Quercus spp. use mainly cell wall-associated enzymes to decompose organic matter. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0214422"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107521","DOI":"10.1016\/j.soilbio.2019.107521","article-title":"Soil multifunctionality is affected by the soil environment and by microbial community composition and diversity","volume":"136","author":"Zheng","year":"2019","journal-title":"Soil. Biol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.2136\/sh12-10-0028","article-title":"Assessment and evaluation of soil ecosystem services","volume":"54","author":"Comerford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Soil Horizons."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1094\/PHYTO.2004.94.2.147","article-title":"Interactions between Trichoderma harzianum strain T22 and maize inbred line Mo17 and effects of these interactions on diseases caused by Pythium ultimum and Colletotrichum graminicola","volume":"94","author":"Harman","year":"2004","journal-title":"Phytopathology"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108932","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2019.108932","article-title":"Influence of recombinant Trichoderma strains on growth of bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) by increased root colonization and induction of root growth related genes","volume":"261","author":"Eslahi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Hort."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, A.K., and Sharma, P. (2020). Could Trichoderma be a plant pathogen? Successful root colonization. Trichoderma: Host Pathogen Interactions and Applications, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-3321-1"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1364","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01364","article-title":"Trichoderma applications on strawberry plants modulate the physiological processes positively affecting fruit production and quality","volume":"11","author":"Lombardi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jangir, M., Sharma, S., and Sharma, S. (2019). Non-target Effects of Trichoderma on plants and soil microbial communities. Plant Microbe Interface, Springer.","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-030-19831-2_10"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sangeetha, J., Thangadurai, D., and Islam, S. (2020). Plant growth-promoting microbiome network. Beneficial Microbes for Sustainable Agriculture and Environmental Management, Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9780429284137"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"1","article-title":"The influence of biomodified fertilizers on the productivity of crops and biological properties of soddy-podzolic soils","volume":"5","author":"Naliukhin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Entomol. Appl. Sci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"062008","DOI":"10.1088\/1757-899X\/928\/6\/062008","article-title":"Biopreparation for antimicrobial material from mixture of nano silver and olive leaves extract","volume":"928","author":"Halob","year":"2020","journal-title":"IOP Conf. Ser. Mater. Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"1","article-title":"Role of microorganisms in bioconversion of solid wastes and economic development","volume":"1","author":"Fidelis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Med. Sci. Clin. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, M., and Pal, A. (2020). Organic waste management. SSRN.","DOI":"10.2139\/ssrn.3560032"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"300","article-title":"Application of different fruit peels formulations as a natural fertilizer for plant growth","volume":"3","author":"Mercy","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2014.08.023","article-title":"The use of agro-industrial wastes as carriers of Trichoderma fungi in the parsley cultivation","volume":"179","author":"Smolinska","year":"2014","journal-title":"Sci. Hort."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oleszek, M., Pecio, \u0141., Kozachok, S., Lachowska-Filipiuk, \u017b., Oszust, K., and Fr\u0105c, M. (2019). Phytochemicals of apple pomace as prospect bio-fungicide agents against mycotoxigenic fungal species\u2014In vitro experiments. Toxins, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins11060361"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naeimi, S., Khosravi, V., Varga, A., V\u00e1gv\u00f6lgyi, C., and Kredics, L. (2020). Screening of organic substrates for solid-state fermentation, viability and bioefficacy of Trichoderma harzianum AS12-2, a biocontrol strain against rice sheath blight disease. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10091258"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malus\u00e1, E., Sas-Paszt, L., and Ciesielska, J. (2012). Technologies for beneficial microorganisms inocula used as biofertilizers. Sci. World J., 491206.","DOI":"10.1100\/2012\/491206"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/s13165-017-0185-7","article-title":"A simple, efficient, and farmer-friendly Trichoderma-based biofertilizer evaluated with the SRI Rice Management System","volume":"8","author":"Doni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Org. Agric."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1002\/ecy.1635","article-title":"Fungi exposed to chronic nitrogen enrichment are less able to decay leaf litter","volume":"98","author":"Frey","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ecology"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2020.00270","article-title":"Formulation of microbial inoculants by encapsulation in natural polysaccharides: Focus on beneficial properties of carrier additives and derivatives","volume":"1","author":"Vassilev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","unstructured":"Akter, N. (2020). Rheological Behaviour of Probiotic Bacteria Dispersed in Maltodextrin and Sucrose Solutions, Malm\u00f6 Universitet."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Samedi, L., and Charles, A.L. (2019). Viability of 4 probiotic bacteria microencapsulated with arrowroot starch in the simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) and yoghurt. Foods, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/foods8050175"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2091","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2014.940415","article-title":"Nutrition, health, and regulatory aspects of digestible maltodextrins","volume":"56","author":"Hofman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micres.2018.10.012","article-title":"Development of low-cost formulations of plant growth-promoting bacteria to be used as inoculants in beneficial agricultural technologies","volume":"219","author":"Lobo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microbiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2019.06.007","article-title":"Microencapsulation of Rhizobium leguminosarum bv. trifolii with guar gum: Preliminary approach using spray drying","volume":"302","author":"Foxwell","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pertile, G., Lamorski, K., Bieganowski, A., Boguta, P., Brzezi\u0144ska, M., Polakowski, C., Skic, K., Soko\u0142owska, Z., Baranowski, P., and Gackiewicz, B. (2021). Immediate effects of the application of various fungal strains with urea fertiliser on microbiome structure and functions and their relationships with the physicochemical parameters of two different soil types. Appl. Soil Ecol., 103972.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apsoil.2021.103972"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gryta, A., Fr\u0105c, M., and Oszust, K. (2020). Genetic and metabolic diversity of soil microbiome in response to exogenous organic matter amendments. Agronomy, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy10040546"},{"key":"ref_76","unstructured":"Raut, I., Constantin, M., Vasilescu, G., Arsene, M., Jecu, L., and Sesan, T. (2013). Optimization of Trichoderma strain cultivation for biocontrol activity. Sci. Bull. Seria F. Biotechnol., 154\u2013159."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8468","DOI":"10.15376\/biores.12.4.8468-8489","article-title":"Efficient cellulases production by Trichoderma atroviride G79\/11 in submerged culture based on soy flour-cellulose-lactose","volume":"12","author":"Oszust","year":"2017","journal-title":"BioResources"},{"key":"ref_78","unstructured":"Palomar, L.T., Alpirez, G.M., D\u00edaz, L.C., Navarro, R.F., Moreno, M.A., and M\u00e9ndez, J.V. (2016). Partial characterization of the cellulolytic enzyme produced by filamentous fungi. Microbes in the Spotlight: Recent Progress in the Understanding of Beneficial and Harmful Microorganisms, BrownWalker Press."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s10532-011-9525-6","article-title":"Evaluation of cellulases produced from four fungi cultured on furfural residues and microcrystalline cellulose","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biodegradation"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"57","article-title":"Cellulase production by wild strains of Aspergillus niger, Penicillium chrysogenum and Trichoderma harzianum grown on waste cellulosic materials","volume":"13","author":"Chinedu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Life J. Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1002\/btpr.1578","article-title":"Biomass production from Trichoderma viride in nonconventional oat medium","volume":"28","author":"Motta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Prog."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Atlas, R.M. (2010). Handbook of Microbiological Media, CRC Press. [4th ed.].","DOI":"10.1201\/EBK1439804063"},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malarczyk, D.G., Panek, J., and Fr\u0105c, M. (2020). Triplex real-time PCR approach for the detection of crucial fungal berry pathogens\u2014Botrytis spp., Colletotrichum spp. and Verticillium spp. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21228469"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1547","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msy096","article-title":"MEGA X: Molecular evolutionary genetics analysis across computing platforms","volume":"35","author":"Kumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_85","first-page":"512","article-title":"Estimation of the number of nucleotide substitutions in the control region of mitochondrial DNA in humans and chimpanzees","volume":"10","author":"Tamura","year":"1993","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.22151","article-title":"An optimized microplate assay system for quantitative evaluation of plant cell wall\u2013degrading enzyme activity of fungal culture extracts","volume":"102","author":"King","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.5586\/am.1995.022","article-title":"Effect of temperature on the production of cellulases, xylanases and lytic enzymes by selected Trichoderma reesei mutants","volume":"30","author":"Janas","year":"1995","journal-title":"Acta Mycol."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"109","article-title":"Solid media containing carboxymethylcellulose to detect Cx cellulase activity of micro-organisms","volume":"98","author":"Hankin","year":"1977","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"451","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00129308","article-title":"\u03b2-Glucosidase production in agitated solid fermentation, study of its properties","volume":"6","author":"Deschamps","year":"1984","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1021\/ac60147a030","article-title":"Use of dinitrosalicylic acid reagent for determination of reducing sugar","volume":"31","author":"Miller","year":"1959","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1016\/0076-6879(55)01021-5","article-title":"Amylase \u03b1 and \u03b2","volume":"1","author":"Bernfeld","year":"1955","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.22.1.79","article-title":"The estimation of pepsin, trypsin, papain, and cathepsin with hemoglobin","volume":"22","author":"Anson","year":"1938","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"6","article-title":"Problems and challenges in the cellulose to cellulase fermentation","volume":"13","author":"Mandels","year":"1978","journal-title":"Process. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_94","unstructured":"PN-ISO-10390 (1997). Oznaczanie pH Gleby, Polish Committee of Standardization."},{"key":"ref_95","unstructured":"PN-R-04022:1996+Az1:2002 (2002). Zawarto\u015b\u0107 Potasu Przyswajalnego, Polish Committee of Standardization."},{"key":"ref_96","unstructured":"PN-R-04020:1994+Az1:2004 (2004). Zawarto\u015b\u0107 Magnezu Przyswajalnego, Polish Committee of Standardization."},{"key":"ref_97","first-page":"31","article-title":"Hydrokoloidy pochodzenia ro\u015blinnego jako zamienniki \u017celatyny","volume":"1","author":"Swiderski","year":"2001","journal-title":"Bezpieczna \u017bywno\u015b\u0107"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/12\/6356\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:14:07Z","timestamp":1760163247000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/12\/6356"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"references-count":97,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22126356"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22126356","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]}}}