{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,24]],"date-time":"2026-10-24T01:18:37Z","timestamp":1792804717695,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":40,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["296093"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["296093"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["323433"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["323433"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002341","name":"Academy of Finland","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["296225"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["296225"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002341","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008413","name":"Instrumentariumin Tiedes\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200068"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200068"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008413","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004756","name":"Emil Aaltosen S\u00e4\u00e4ti\u00f6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["200236"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["200236"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004756","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"The Finnish Concordia Fund","award":["20200355"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20200355"]}],"id":[{"id":"https:\/\/ror.org\/03snntx53","id-type":"ROR","asserted-by":"crossref"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Proteases are a group of enzymes with a catalytic function to hydrolyze peptide bonds of proteins. Proteases regulate the activity, signaling mechanism, fate, and localization of many proteins, and their dysregulation is associated with various pathological conditions. Proteases have been identified as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets for multiple diseases, such as acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, cardiovascular diseases, osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes, and cancer, where they are essential to disease progression. Thus, protease inhibitors and inhibitor-like molecules are interesting drug candidates. To study proteases and their substrates and inhibitors, simple, rapid, and sensitive protease activity assays are needed. Existing fluorescence-based assays enable protease monitoring in a high-throughput compatible microtiter plate format, but the methods often rely on either molecular labeling or synthetic protease targets that only mimic the hydrolysis site of the true target proteins. Here, we present a homogenous, label-free, and time-resolved luminescence utilizing the protein-probe method to assay proteases with native and denatured substrates at nanomolar sensitivity. The developed protein-probe method is not restricted to any single protein or protein target class, enabling digestion and substrate fragmentation studies with the natural unmodified substrate proteins. The versatility of the assay for studying protease targets was shown by monitoring the digestion of a substrate panel with different proteases. These results indicate that the protein-probe method not only monitors the protease activity and inhibition, but also studies the substrate specificity of individual proteases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]],"date-time":"2021-06-14T10:30:25Z","timestamp":1623666625000},"page":"6362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Protease Substrate-Independent Universal Assay for Monitoring Digestion of Native Unmodified Proteins"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0432-9693","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Emmiliisa","family":"Vuorinen","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Drug Development, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4948-7169","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Salla","family":"Valtonen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Drug Development, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nazia","family":"Hassan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Drug Development, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Randa","family":"Mahran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Drug Development, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Huda","family":"Habib","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Drug Development, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland"},{"name":"Department of Virology, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 13, 20520 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Morteza","family":"Malakoutikhah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Drug Development, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7585-6020","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kari","family":"Kopra","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Drug Development, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Harri","family":"H\u00e4rm\u00e4","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Chemistry of Drug Development, University of Turku, Vatselankatu 2, 20500 Turku, Finland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Rawlings, N.D., and Salvesen, G. 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