{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,17]],"date-time":"2026-08-17T05:33:15Z","timestamp":1786944795650,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005357","name":"Slovak Research and Development Agency","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["APVV-19-0540"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["APVV-19-0540"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005357","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Education, Science, Research and Sport of the Slovak Republic","award":["2\/0141\/18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2\/0141\/18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Accumulating evidence support the cardioprotective properties of the nuclear receptor peroxisome proliferator activated receptor \u03b2\/\u03b4 (PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4); however, the underlying mechanisms are not yet fully elucidated. The aim of the study was to further investigate the mechanisms underlying PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4-mediated cardioprotection in the setting of myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion (I\/R). For this purpose, rats were treated with PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 agonist GW0742 and\/or antagonist GSK0660 in vivo and hearts were subjected to ex vivo global ischemia followed by reperfusion. PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 activation improved left ventricular developed pressure recovery, reduced infarct size (IS) and incidence of reperfusion-induced ventricular arrhythmias while it also up-regulated superoxide dismutase 2, catalase and uncoupling protein 3 resulting in attenuation of oxidative stress as evidenced by the reduction in 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal protein adducts and protein carbonyl formation. PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 activation also increased both mRNA expression and enzymatic activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2); inhibition of ALDH2 abrogated the IS limiting effect of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 activation. Furthermore, upregulation of PGC-1\u03b1 and isocitrate dehydrogenase 2 mRNA expression, increased citrate synthase activity as well as mitochondrial ATP content indicated improvement in mitochondrial content and energy production. These data provide new mechanistic insight into the cardioprotective properties of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 in I\/R pointing to ALDH2 as a direct downstream target and suggesting that PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 activation alleviates myocardial I\/R injury through coordinated stimulation of the antioxidant defense of the heart and preservation of mitochondrial function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126399","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T11:00:33Z","timestamp":1623754833000},"page":"6399","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Cardioprotective Effects of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 Activation against Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury in Rat Heart Are Associated with ALDH2 Upregulation, Amelioration of Oxidative Stress and Preservation of Mitochondrial Energy Production"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Ioanna","family":"Papatheodorou","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eleftheria","family":"Galatou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Georgios-Dimitrios","family":"Panagiotidis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8804-6964","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"T\u00e1\u0148a","family":"Ravingerov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Heart Research, Centre of Experimental Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, 9 D\u00fabravsk\u00e1 cesta, 84104 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7889-9648","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antigone","family":"Lazou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Animal Physiology, Department of Zoology, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI62874","article-title":"Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury: A neglected therapeutic target","volume":"123","author":"Hausenloy","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2018.09.086","article-title":"Multitarget Strategies to Reduce Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury","volume":"73","author":"Davidson","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-020-0403-y","article-title":"Myocardial ischaemia\u2013reperfusion injury and cardioprotection in perspective","volume":"17","author":"Heusch","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1093\/cvr\/cvp264","article-title":"Targeting calcium transport in ischaemic heart disease","volume":"84","author":"Talukder","year":"2009","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"316","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.04.363","article-title":"Pathophysiology of mitochondrial lipid oxidation: Role of 4-hydroxynonenal (4-HNE) and other bioactive lipids in mitochondria","volume":"111","author":"Xiao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165768","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2020.165768","article-title":"Mitochondrial ROS in myocardial ischemia reperfusion and remodeling","volume":"1866","author":"Bugger","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3795","DOI":"10.1111\/jcmm.15127","article-title":"Mitochondrial and mitochondrial-independent pathways of myocardial cell death during ischaemia and reperfusion injury","volume":"24","author":"Davidson","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cell. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"535","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pharmtox-010715-103335","article-title":"Mitochondrial Dysfunction and Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion: Implications for Novel Therapies","volume":"57","author":"Lesnefsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pharmacol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1016\/j.redox.2017.05.007","article-title":"European contribution to the study of ROS: A summary of the findings and prospects for the future from the COST action BM1203 (EU-ROS)","volume":"13","author":"Egea","year":"2017","journal-title":"Redox Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.02.012","article-title":"Influence of cardiometabolic comorbidities on myocardial function, infarction, and cardioprotection: Role of cardiac redox signaling","volume":"166","author":"Andreadou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"446","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.03.045","article-title":"Natural and synthetic antioxidants targeting cardiac oxidative stress and redox signaling in cardiometabolic diseases","volume":"169","author":"Lazou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1028","DOI":"10.1139\/Y09-071","article-title":"Changes in PPAR gene expression and myocardial tolerance to ischaemia: Relevance to pleiotropic effects of statins","volume":"87","author":"Kelly","year":"2009","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.4149\/gpb_2011_04_329","article-title":"The role of PPAR in myocardial response to ischemia in normal and diseased heart","volume":"30","author":"Adameova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Gen. Physiol. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1139\/y2012-052","article-title":"PPAR-alpha activation as a preconditioning-like intervention in rats in vivo confers myocardial protection against acute ischaemia\u2013reperfusion injury: Involvement of PI3K\u2013Akt","volume":"90","author":"Kelly","year":"2012","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","first-page":"S151","article-title":"Upregulation of Genes Involved in Cardiac Metabolism Enhances Myocardial Resistance to Ischemia\/Reperfusion in the Rat Heart","volume":"62","author":"Barlaka","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1139\/cjpp-2014-0502","article-title":"Pleiotropic preconditioning-like cardioprotective effects of hypolipidemic drugs in acute ischemia\u2013reperfusion in normal and hypertensive rats","volume":"93","author":"Ferko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Can. J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-5922.12166","article-title":"Role of Pleiotropic Properties of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptors in the Heart: Focus on the Nonmetabolic Effects in Cardiac Protection","volume":"34","author":"Barlaka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Ther."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101375","DOI":"10.32527\/2018\/101375","article-title":"PPAR\u03b4, a Potential Therapeutic Target for Heart Disease","volume":"5","author":"Yang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucl. Recept. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.03.008","article-title":"Activation of PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 protects cardiac myocytes from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis by suppressing generation of reactive oxygen\/nitrogen species and expression of matrix metalloproteinases","volume":"95","author":"Barlaka","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1245","DOI":"10.1038\/nm1116","article-title":"Cardiomyocyte-restricted peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-\u03b4 deletion perturbs myocardial fatty acid oxidation and leads to cardiomyopathy","volume":"10","author":"Cheng","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"911","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.109.206185","article-title":"Peroxisome prolif-erator-activated receptor {delta} is an essential transcriptional regulator for mitochondrial protection and biogenesis in adult heart","volume":"106","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1712","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.110.217380","article-title":"Induction of Cardiac Angptl4 by Dietary Fatty Acids Is Mediated by Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor \u03b2\/\u03b4 and Protects Against Fatty Acid\u2013Induced Oxidative Stress","volume":"106","author":"Georgiadi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1097\/MOL.0000000000000290","article-title":"Regulation of lipid metabolism by angiopoietin-like proteins","volume":"27","author":"Dijk","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Lipidol."},{"key":"ref_24","first-page":"000086","article-title":"Genetic Deletion of Uncoupling Protein 3 Exaggerates Apoptotic Cell Death in the Ischemic Heart Leading to Heart Failure","volume":"2","author":"Perrino","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Hear. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1493","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1158554","article-title":"Activation of Aldehyde Dehydrogenase-2 Reduces Ischemic Damage to the Heart","volume":"321","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00017.2013","article-title":"Targeting Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2: New Therapeutic Opportunities","volume":"94","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1124\/pr.111.005538","article-title":"Aldehyde Dehydrogenase Inhibitors: A Comprehensive Review of the Pharmacology, Mechanism of Action, Substrate Specificity, and Clinical Application","volume":"64","author":"Koppaka","year":"2012","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2003.11.007","article-title":"Oxidatively damaged proteins of heart mitochondrial electron transport complexes","volume":"1688","author":"Choksi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2005.03.002","article-title":"Transcriptional coactivator PGC-1\u03b1 controls the energy state and contractile function of cardiac muscle","volume":"1","author":"Arany","year":"2005","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"466","DOI":"10.1124\/jpet.107.135327","article-title":"In Vivo Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-\u03b4 Protects the Heart from Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury in Zucker Fatty Rats","volume":"325","author":"Yue","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1097\/SHK.0b013e3181cd86d6","article-title":"Activation of Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-\u03b2\/\u03b4 Attenuates Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury in the Rat","volume":"34","author":"Kapoor","year":"2010","journal-title":"Shock"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-014-2120-5","article-title":"The PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4 agonist GW0742 modulates signaling pathways associated with cardiac myocyte growth via a non-genomic redox mechanism","volume":"395","author":"Galatou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.05-4395fje","article-title":"Role of nuclear receptor signaling in platelets: Antithrombotic effects of PPAR\u03b2","volume":"20","author":"Ali","year":"2005","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.108.777169","article-title":"Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Agonist Enhances Vasculogenesis by Regulating Endothelial Progenitor Cells Through Genomic and Nongenomic Activations of the Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase\/Akt Pathway","volume":"118","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cardiores.2005.10.019","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b4 (PPAR\u03b4) activation protects H9c2 cardiomyoblasts from oxidative stress-induced apoptosis","volume":"69","author":"Pesant","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1161\/HYPERTENSIONAHA.110.164590","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor \u03b2\/\u03b4 activation in adult hearts facilitates mitochondrial function and cardiac performance under pressure-overload condition","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Hypertension"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2007\/74364","article-title":"PPARs in the Control of Uncoupling Proteins Gene Expression","volume":"2007","author":"Villarroya","year":"2006","journal-title":"PPAR Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2013.04.007","article-title":"The transcription factor Nrf2 promotes survival by enhancing the expression of uncoupling protein 3 under conditions of oxidative stress","volume":"61","author":"Anedda","year":"2013","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2009.12.001","article-title":"Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor beta\/delta (PPAR\u03b2\/\u03b4) acts as regulator of metabolism linked to multiple cellular functions","volume":"125","author":"Wagner","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"826","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2015.01.015","article-title":"On the role of 4-hydroxynonenal in health and disease","volume":"1852","author":"Csala","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1080\/14728222.2018.1439922","article-title":"The potential of aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 as a therapeutic target in cardiovascular disease","volume":"22","author":"Daiber","year":"2018","journal-title":"Expert Opin. Ther. Targets"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-6260-6_3","article-title":"ALDH2 and Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"1193","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Aldehyde Dehydrogenases"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1093\/eurheartj\/ehq253","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 (ALDH2) rescues myocardial ischaemia\/reperfusion injury: Role of autophagy paradox and toxic aldehyde","volume":"32","author":"Ma","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. Heart J."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"3159","article-title":"Alda-1, an aldehyde dehydrogenase-2 agonist, improves long-term survival in rats with chronic heart failure following myocardial infarction","volume":"18","author":"Hua","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1587","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2016.05.019","article-title":"Aldehyde dehydrogenase 2 deficiency blunts compensatory cardiac hypertrophy through modulating Akt phosphorylation early after transverse aorta constriction in mice","volume":"1862","author":"Xia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta (BBA) Mol. Basis Dis."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2016.00101","article-title":"Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Has Cardioprotective Effects on Myocardial Ischaemia\/Reperfusion Injury via Suppressing Mitophagy","volume":"7","author":"Ji","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19413","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.14297","article-title":"Inhibition of ALDH2 by O-GlcNAcylation contributes to the hyperglycemic exacerbation of myocardial ischemia\/reperfusion injury","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1021\/tx0501839","article-title":"Inhibition of Human Mitochondrial Aldehyde Dehydrogenase by 4-Hydroxynon-2-enal and 4-Oxonon-2-enal","volume":"19","author":"Doorn","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Res. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"380","DOI":"10.1002\/em.20553","article-title":"Reactive species and mitochondrial dysfunction: Mechanistic significance of 4-hydroxynonenal","volume":"51","author":"Roede","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00373","article-title":"Aldehyde Dehydrogenase 2 Protects Against Post-Cardiac Arrest Myocardial Dysfunction Through a Novel Mechanism of Suppressing Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species Production","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2007-0190","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of a Selective Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor \u03b2\/\u03b4 (NR1C2) Antagonist","volume":"22","author":"Shearer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111","DOI":"10.1007\/s11010-006-9335-z","article-title":"Differential role of PI3K\/Akt pathway in the infarct size limitation and antiarrhythmic protection in the rat heart","volume":"297","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0891-5849(97)00104-4","article-title":"Protein Carbonyl Measurement by a Sensitive ELISA Method","volume":"23","author":"Buss","year":"1997","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"1","article-title":"Laboratory protocol: Citrate synthase, Mi-tochondrial marker enzyme","volume":"1704","author":"Eigentler","year":"2012","journal-title":"Mitochondr Physiol Netw."},{"key":"ref_55","unstructured":"Bergmeyer, H.U. (1974). ATP-determination with hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase. Methods of Enzymatic Analysis, Academic."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/12\/6399\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:16:15Z","timestamp":1760163375000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/12\/6399"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"references-count":55,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22126399"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22126399","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]}}}