{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T22:11:26Z","timestamp":1790806286118,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623715200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL2015\u201366341-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL2015\u201366341-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["AGL-2015-70140-R"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["AGL-2015-70140-R"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PID2019-111641RB-I00"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PID2019-111641RB-I00"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000268","name":"Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BBS\/E\/B\/000C0423"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BBS\/E\/B\/000C0423"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000268","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000265","name":"Medical Research Council","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["MR\/K011332\/1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["MR\/K011332\/1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000265","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Assisted reproductive technologies impact transcriptome and epigenome of embryos and can result in long-term phenotypic consequences. Whole-genome DNA methylation profiles from individual bovine blastocysts in vivo- and in vitro-derived (using three sources of protein: reproductive fluids, blood serum and bovine serum albumin) were generated. The impact of in vitro culture on DNA methylation was analyzed, and sex-specific methylation differences at blastocyst stage were uncovered. In vivo embryos showed the highest levels of methylation (29.5%), close to those produced in vitro with serum, whilst embryos produced in vitro with reproductive fluids or albumin showed less global methylation (25\u201325.4%). During repetitive element analysis, the serum group was the most affected. DNA methylation differences between in vivo and in vitro groups were more frequent in the first intron than in CpGi in promoters. Moreover, hierarchical cluster analysis showed that sex produced a stronger bias in the results than embryo origin. For each group, distance between male and female embryos varied, with in vivo blastocyst showing a lesser distance. Between the sexually dimorphic methylated tiles, which were biased to X-chromosome, critical factors for reproduction, developmental process, cell proliferation and DNA methylation machinery were included. These results support the idea that blastocysts show sexually-dimorphic DNA methylation patterns, and the known picture about the blastocyst methylome should be reconsidered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126426","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]],"date-time":"2021-06-15T21:24:29Z","timestamp":1623792269000},"page":"6426","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Culture Medium and Sex Drive Epigenetic Reprogramming in Preimplantation Bovine Embryos"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Sebastian","family":"Canovas","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology of Reproduction Group, Physiology Department, Mare Nostrum Campus, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elena","family":"Ivanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meriem","family":"Hamdi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction Department, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8143-7794","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fernando","family":"Perez-Sanz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6813-3940","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dimitrios","family":"Rizos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Animal Reproduction Department, National Institute for Agriculture and Food Research and Technology, INIA, 28040 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9762-5634","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gavin","family":"Kelsey","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Epigenetics Programme, The Babraham Institute, Cambridge CB22 3AT, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3943-1890","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pilar","family":"Coy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physiology of Reproduction Group, Physiology Department, Mare Nostrum Campus, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Institute of Murcia, IMIB-Arrixaca-UMU, 30120 Murcia, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1002\/ajhb.20590","article-title":"Early life events and their consequences for later disease: A life history and evolutionary perspective","volume":"19","author":"Gluckman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. 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