{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T02:03:04Z","timestamp":1791856984490,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":257,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regular exercise is associated with pronounced health benefits. The molecular processes involved in physiological adaptations to exercise are best understood in skeletal muscle. Enhanced mitochondrial functions in muscle are central to exercise-induced adaptations. However, regular exercise also benefits the brain and is a major protective factor against neurodegenerative diseases, such as the most common age-related form of dementia, Alzheimer\u2019s disease, or the most common neurodegenerative motor disorder, Parkinson\u2019s disease. While there is evidence that exercise induces signalling from skeletal muscle to the brain, the mechanistic understanding of the crosstalk along the muscle\u2013brain axis is incompletely understood. Mitochondria in both organs, however, seem to be central players. Here, we provide an overview on the central role of mitochondria in exercise-induced communication routes from muscle to the brain. These routes include circulating factors, such as myokines, the release of which often depends on mitochondria, and possibly direct mitochondrial transfer. On this basis, we examine the reported effects of different modes of exercise on mitochondrial features and highlight their expected benefits with regard to neurodegeneration prevention or mitigation. In addition, knowledge gaps in our current understanding related to the muscle\u2013brain axis in neurodegenerative diseases are outlined.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T04:15:46Z","timestamp":1623903346000},"page":"6479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":139,"title":["The Muscle-Brain Axis and Neurodegenerative Diseases: The Key Role of Mitochondria in Exercise-Induced Neuroprotection"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2889-0151","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Burtscher","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8081-4423","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gr\u00e9goire P.","family":"Millet","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9044-0621","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nicolas","family":"Place","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9776-7501","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bengt","family":"Kayser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6626-3127","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nad\u00e8ge","family":"Zanou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1015 Lausanne, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Lausanne, CH-1005 Lausanne, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alzheimer\u2019s Association (2019). 2019 Alzheimer\u2019s disease facts and figures. 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