{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,23]],"date-time":"2026-08-23T17:29:58Z","timestamp":1787506198941,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":112,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1623888000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Regular physical activity in cyclic sports can influence the so-called \u201cangiogenic switch\u201d, which is considered as an imbalance between proangiogenic and anti-angiogenic molecules. Disruption of the synthesis of angiogenic molecules can be caused by local changes in tissues under the influence of excessive physical exertion and its consequences, such as chronic oxidative stress and associated hypoxia, metabolic acidosis, sports injuries, etc. A review of publications on signaling pathways that activate and inhibit angiogenesis in skeletal muscles, myocardium, lung, and nervous tissue under the influence of intense physical activity in cyclic sports. Materials: We searched PubMed, SCOPUS, Web of Science, Google Scholar, Clinical keys, and e-LIBRARY databases for full-text articles published from 2000 to 2020, using keywords and their combinations. Results: An important aspect of adaptation to training loads in cyclic sports is an increase in the number of capillaries in muscle fibers, which improves the metabolism of skeletal muscles and myocardium, as well as nervous and lung tissue. Recent studies have shown that myocardial endothelial cells not only respond to hemodynamic forces and paracrine signals from neighboring cells, but also take an active part in heart remodeling processes, stimulating the growth and contractility of cardiomyocytes or the production of extracellular matrix proteins in myofibroblasts. As myocardial vascularization plays a central role in the transition from adaptive heart hypertrophy to heart failure, further study of the signaling mechanisms involved in the regulation of angiogenesis in the myocardium is important in sports practice. The study of the \u201cangiogenic switch\u201d problem in the cerebrovascular and cardiovascular systems allows us to claim that the formation of new vessels is mediated by a complex interaction of all growth factors. Although the lungs are one of the limiting systems of the body in cyclic sports, their response to high-intensity loads and other environmental stresses is often overlooked. Airway epithelial cells are the predominant source of several growth factors throughout lung organogenesis and appear to be critical for normal alveolarization, rapid alveolar proliferation, and normal vascular development. There are many controversial questions about the role of growth factors in the physiology and pathology of the lungs. The presented review has demonstrated that when doing sports, it is necessary to give a careful consideration to the possible positive and negative effects of growth factors on muscles, myocardium, lung tissue, and brain. Primarily, the \u201cangiogenic switch\u201d is important in aerobic sports (long distance running). Conclusions: Angiogenesis is a physiological process of the formation of new blood capillaries, which play an important role in the functioning of skeletal muscles, myocardium, lung, and nervous tissue in athletes. Violation of the \u201cangiogenic switch\u201d as a balance between proangiogenic and anti-angiogenic molecules can lead to a decrease in the functional resources of the nervous, musculoskeletal, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems in athletes and, as a consequence, to a decrease in sports performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126496","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]],"date-time":"2021-06-17T11:20:26Z","timestamp":1623928826000},"page":"6496","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["The \u201cAngiogenic Switch\u201d and Functional Resources in Cyclic Sports Athletes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5513-6384","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Olga V.","family":"Balberova","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Olympic Sports, Ural State University of Physical Culture, 454091 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeny V.","family":"Bykov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research Institute of Olympic Sports, Ural State University of Physical Culture, 454091 Chelyabinsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2840-837X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia A.","family":"Shnayder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia"},{"name":"Department of Outpatient Therapy and Family Medicine with a Postgraduate Course, Shared Core Facilities Molecular and Cell Technologies, Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marina M.","family":"Petrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Outpatient Therapy and Family Medicine with a Postgraduate Course, Shared Core Facilities Molecular and Cell Technologies, Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9343-6633","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oksana A.","family":"Gavrilyuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Department of Polyclinic Therapy and Family Medicine and Healthy Lifesttyle with a Course of PE, V. F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daria S.","family":"Kaskaeva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Outpatient Therapy and Family Medicine with a Postgraduate Course, Shared Core Facilities Molecular and Cell Technologies, Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Irina A.","family":"Soloveva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Hospital Therapy and Immunology with a Postgraduate Course, Shared Core Facilities Molecular and Cell Technologies, Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kirill V.","family":"Petrov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine with a Postgraduate Course, Shared Core Facilities Molecular and Cell Technologies, Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9412-1529","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Elena Y.","family":"Mozheyko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine with a Postgraduate Course, Shared Core Facilities Molecular and Cell Technologies, Professor V.F. Voino-Yasenetsky Krasnoyarsk State Medical University, 660022 Krasnoyarsk, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"German V.","family":"Medvedev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R. R. Vreden National Medical Research Center for Traumatology and Orthopedics, Department of Hand Surgery with Microsurgical Equipment, 195427 Saint-Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Regina F.","family":"Nasyrova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"V.M. Bekhterev National Medical Research Center for Neurology and Psychiatry, Department of Personalized Psychiatry and Neurology, 192019 Saint Petersburg, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2009.05.003","article-title":"The angiogenic switch in carcinogenesis","volume":"19","author":"Baeriswyl","year":"2009","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.leu.2404402","article-title":"The history of the angiogenic switch concept","volume":"21","author":"Ribatti","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc724","article-title":"Specialization of tumour vasculature","volume":"2","author":"Ruoslahti","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. 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