{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,11]],"date-time":"2025-11-11T13:42:40Z","timestamp":1762868560065,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]],"date-time":"2021-06-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Recent studies indicate that Acanthamoeba spp. may play a significant role in kidney dysfunction. The aim of the study was to examine the levels of kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1), neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), and monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), as well as an activity of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 9 (MMP-2 and MMP-9, respectively) in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. The levels of KIM-1, NGAL, and MCP-1 were analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and the activity of MMPs was determined by gelatin zymography. The elevated KIM-1 level was found in the kidneys of immunocompetent mice at the beginning of Acanthamoeba spp. infection. In the immunosuppressed mice, the KIM-1 level was statistically different. The statistically decreased NGAL level was found in the kidneys of immunocompetent mice compared to the uninfected mice. In the immunocompromised mice, we found statistically significant differences in MCP-1 levels between the uninfected and infected groups. There was an increase in the expression of both MMP-2 and MMP-9 in the kidneys of immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp. compared to the uninfected mice. The results indicate that KIM-1, NGAL, MCP-1, MMP-2, MMP-9, and MMP-9\/NGAL might be promising biomarkers of renal acanthamoebiasis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22126583","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,20]],"date-time":"2021-06-20T22:00:02Z","timestamp":1624226402000},"page":"6583","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Potential Biomarkers in Diagnosis of Renal Acanthamoebiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0051-2295","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karolina","family":"Kot","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0756-6483","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Patrycja","family":"Kupnicka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2904-2311","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oliwia","family":"Witulska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6865-6848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra","family":"Czepan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Natalia Agnieszka","family":"\u0141anocha-Arendarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biology and Medical Parasitology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aleksandra Anna","family":"\u0141anocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology and Transplantology, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Unii Lubelskiej 1, 71-252 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3796-5493","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danuta Izabela","family":"Kosik-Bogacka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Botany, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Powsta\u0144c\u00f3w Wielkopolskich 72, 70-111 Szczecin, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"564","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2006.00023.x","article-title":"Acanthamoeba: Biology and increasing importance in human health","volume":"30","author":"Khan","year":"2006","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/66.4.723","article-title":"Probable Acanthamoeba meningoencephalitis in a Korean child","volume":"66","author":"Ringsted","year":"1976","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"299","article-title":"Amoebas from the genus Acanthamoeba and their pathogenic properties","volume":"64","author":"Kot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Parasitol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"480","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-020-04351-4","article-title":"The expression of TLR2 and TLR4 in the kidneys and heart of mice infected with Acanthamoeba spp.","volume":"13","author":"Kot","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasit. Vectors"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"161","article-title":"Histological studies of selected organs of mice experimentally infected with Acanthamoeba spp.","volume":"64","year":"2005","journal-title":"Folia Morphol."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"394582","article-title":"New biomarkers for the quick detection of acute kidney injury","volume":"2013","author":"Simsek","year":"2012","journal-title":"ISRN Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mansour, S.G., Puthumana, J., Coca, S.G., Gentry, M., and Parikh, C.R. (2017). Biomarkers for the detection of renal fibrosis and prediction of renal outcomes: A systematic review. BMC Nephrol., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12882-017-0490-0"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wo\u0142yniec, W., Ratkowski, W., Renke, J., and Renke, M. (2020). Changes in Novel AKI Biomarkers after Exercise. A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21165673"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4135","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.7.4135","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1), a putative epithelial cell adhesion molecule containing a novel immunoglobulin domain, is up-regulated in renal cells after injury","volume":"273","author":"Ichimura","year":"1998","journal-title":"J Biol Chem."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.24267","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1: More than just an injury marker of tubular epithelial cells?","volume":"228","author":"Lim","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.7150\/ijbs.5.128","article-title":"Assay validation for KIM-1: Human urinary renal dysfunction biomarker","volume":"5","author":"Chaturvedi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3265","DOI":"10.1093\/ndt\/gfp010","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): A urinary biomarker and much more","volume":"24","author":"Bonventre","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trre.2010.02.002","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1): A novel kidney-specific injury molecule playing potential double-edged functions in kidney injury","volume":"24","author":"Huo","year":"2010","journal-title":"Transplant. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6265307","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/6265307","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) as an early predictor for acute kidney injury in post-cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) in open heart surgery patients","volume":"2019","author":"Khreba","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2011.08.017","article-title":"Temporal relationship and predictive value of urinary acute kidney injury biomarkers after pediatric cardiopulmonary bypass","volume":"58","author":"Krawczeski","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1097\/01.tp.0000295982.78039.ef","article-title":"High urinary excretion of kidney injury molecule-1 is an independent predictor of graft loss in renal transplant recipients","volume":"84","author":"Vaidya","year":"2007","journal-title":"Transplantation"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1677","DOI":"10.3892\/ol.2013.1252","article-title":"Evaluation of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL), matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and their complex MMP-9\/NGAL in sera and urine of patients with kidney tumors","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Oncol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.5604\/17322693.1199716","article-title":"KIM-1 and NGAL as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis and cancer progression","volume":"70","author":"Marchewka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Postepy Hig. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rysz, J., Gluba-Brz\u00f3zka, A., Franczyk, B., Jab\u0142onowski, Z., and Cia\u0142kowska-Rysz, A. (2017). Novel Biomarkers in the Diagnosis of Chronic Kidney Disease and the Prediction of Its Outcome. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18081702"},{"key":"ref_20","first-page":"482","article-title":"Selected proteins as biomarkers of kidney injury used in the nephrological diagnosis","volume":"62","author":"Doborek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Post. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"282","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1939-1676.2012.00891.x","article-title":"Urinary biomarkers of renal disease in dogs with X-linked hereditary nephropathy","volume":"26","author":"Nabity","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Vet. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/S0167-4838(00)00148-5","article-title":"The lipocalin protein family: Structural and sequence overview","volume":"1482","author":"Flower","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3706","DOI":"10.3892\/etm.2016.3837","article-title":"Urinary neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin is an early predictor of acute kidney injury in premature infants","volume":"12","author":"Kuribayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Exp. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0027","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1): An overview","volume":"29","author":"Deshmane","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1097\/MNH.0000000000000186","article-title":"Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and the kidney","volume":"25","author":"Haller","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Nephrol. Hypertens."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2022","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.07.023","article-title":"Urinary monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in renal disease","volume":"412","author":"Kim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1570","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2010.07.006","article-title":"MCP-1: Chemoattractant with a role beyond immunity: A review","volume":"411","author":"Yadav","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-1755.2002.kid577.x","article-title":"Enhanced MCP-1 expression during ischemia\/reperfusion injury is mediated by oxidative stress and NF-kappaB","volume":"62","author":"Sung","year":"2002","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"613","DOI":"10.1016\/j.athoracsur.2016.11.036","article-title":"Translational Research Investigating Biomarker Endpoints in Acute Kidney Injury (TRIBE-AKI) Consortium. Plasma Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Is Associated with Acute Kidney Injury and Death After Cardiac Operations","volume":"104","author":"Moledina","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Thorac. Surg."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"395","DOI":"10.1159\/000488806","article-title":"Association of Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 with Death and Atherosclerotic Events in Chronic Kidney Disease","volume":"47","author":"Gregg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1007\/s00393-016-0109-z","article-title":"Urinary MCP-1 as a biomarker for lupus nephritis: A meta-analysis","volume":"76","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Z. Rheumatol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm4051010","article-title":"Biomarkers of Renal Disease and Progression in Patients with Diabetes","volume":"4","author":"Hojs","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"328","article-title":"Metalloproteinases. Structure and function","volume":"62","author":"Lipka","year":"2008","journal-title":"Postepy Hit. Med. Dosw."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"298","DOI":"10.1159\/000499876","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinases in Renal Diseases: A Critical Appraisal","volume":"44","author":"Zakiyanov","year":"2019","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1351","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00037.2012","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases in kidney homeostasis and diseases","volume":"302","author":"Tan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00421.2006","article-title":"Role of matrix metalloproteinases in renal pathophysiologies","volume":"292","author":"Catania","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"206","DOI":"10.1002\/jcla.20024","article-title":"Levels of urinary matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and renal injuries in patients with type 2 diabetic nephropathy","volume":"18","author":"Tashiro","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Lab. Anal."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1590\/s1678-9946202062014","article-title":"Novel kidney injury biomarkers in tropical infections: A review of the literature","volume":"62","author":"Meneses","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Inst. Med. Trop. Sao Paulo"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1053\/j.ajkd.2012.12.022","article-title":"Biomarkers in nephrology: Core Curriculum 2013","volume":"62","author":"McMahon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Kidney Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1933","DOI":"10.1093\/clinchem\/38.10.1933","article-title":"Serum creatinine as an index of renal function: New insights into old concepts","volume":"38","author":"Perrone","year":"1992","journal-title":"Clin. Chem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.transproceed.2008.10.005","article-title":"Biomarkers\u2014A potential route for improved diagnosis and management of ongoing renal damage","volume":"40","author":"Oberbauer","year":"2008","journal-title":"Transplant. Proc."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"908","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.14-0167","article-title":"Preliminary study on tubuloglomerular dysfunction and evidence of renal inflammation in patients with visceral leishmaniasis","volume":"91","author":"Oliveira","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"174","article-title":"Biochemical studies on the effect of Toxoplasma infection on liver and kidney functions in mice","volume":"23","author":"Eid","year":"2010","journal-title":"Egypt J. Comp. Path Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2004.tb03559.x","article-title":"The role of IFN-gamma and Toll-like receptors in nephropathy induced by Toxoplasma gondii infection","volume":"48","author":"Kudo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.3409\/fb_66-1.04","article-title":"Biochemical profile, liver and kidney selenium (Se) status during acanthamoebiasis in a mouse model","volume":"66","author":"Kot","year":"2018","journal-title":"Folia Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"680","DOI":"10.1159\/000447937","article-title":"Early Predictors of Acute Kidney Injury: A Narrative Review","volume":"41","author":"Liu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00016.2008","article-title":"MCP-1\/CCL2: A new diagnostic marker and therapeutic target for progressive renal injury in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"294","author":"Tesch","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1567","DOI":"10.1080\/0886022X.2016.1193816","article-title":"Kidney injury molecule-1 in kidney disease","volume":"38","author":"Yin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Ren. Fail."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1046","DOI":"10.1111\/tmi.13127","article-title":"Visceral leishmaniasis-associated nephropathy in hospitalised Brazilian patients: New insights based on kidney injury biomarkers","volume":"23","author":"Meneses","year":"2018","journal-title":"Trop. Med. Int. Health"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1186\/s12936-016-1516-y","article-title":"Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) predicts the occurrence of malaria-induced acute kidney injury","volume":"15","author":"Koopmans","year":"2016","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"7856","article-title":"Increased expression of kidney injury molecule-1 and matrix metalloproteinase-3 in severe Plasmodium falciparum malaria with acute kidney injury","volume":"10","author":"Punsawad","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1159\/000469715","article-title":"Dexamethasone Modifies Cystatin C-Based Diagnosis of Acute Kidney Injury During Cisplatin-Based Chemotherapy","volume":"42","author":"Pianta","year":"2017","journal-title":"Kidney Blood Press Res."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1240","DOI":"10.1007\/s10495-016-1281-y","article-title":"The influence of exposure to immunosuppressive treatment during pregnancy on renal function and rate of apoptosis in native kidneys of female Wistar rats","volume":"21","author":"Safranow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Apoptosis"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peris, M.P., Morales, M., Ares-G\u00f3mez, S., Esteban-Gil, A., G\u00f3mez-Ochoa, P., Gasc\u00f3n, M., Moreno, B., and Castillo, J.A. (2020). Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin (NGAL) Is Related with the Proteinuria Degree and the Microscopic Kidney Findings in Leishmania-Infected Dogs. Microorganisms, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8121966"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1186\/1475-2875-13-91","article-title":"Correlation of biomarkers for parasite burden and immune activation with acute kidney injury in severe falciparum malaria","volume":"13","author":"Plewes","year":"2014","journal-title":"Malar J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Imamaki, H., Ishii, A., Yokoi, H., Kasahara, M., Kuwabara, T., Mori, K.P., Kato, Y., Kuwahara, T., Satoh, M., and Nakatani, K. (2015). Low Serum Neutrophil Gelatinase-associated Lipocalin Level as a Marker of Malnutrition in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients. PLoS ONE, 10.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0132539"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Choi, J.W., and Fujii, T. (2019). The Prevalence of Low Plasma Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin Level in Systemic Inflammation and its Relationship with Proinflammatory Cytokines, Procalcitonin, Nutritional Status, and Leukocyte Profiles. Clin. Lab., 65.","DOI":"10.7754\/Clin.Lab.2019.181235"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1208","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01208","article-title":"Monocyte Chemotactic Protein 1 in Plasma from Soluble Leishmania Antigen-Stimulated Whole Blood as a Potential Biomarker of the Cellular Immune Response to Leishmania infantum","volume":"8","author":"Sanchez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elias, R.M., Correa-Costa, M., Barreto, C.R., Silva, R.C., Hayashida, C.Y., Castoldi, A., Gon\u00e7alves, G.M., Braga, T.T., Barboza, R., and Rios, F.J. (2012). Oxidative stress and modification of renal vascular permeability are associated with acute kidney injury during P. berghei ANKA infection. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044004"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.3700454","article-title":"Matrix metalloproteinases, tissue inhibitors of MMPs and TACE in experimental cerebral malaria","volume":"86","author":"Starckx","year":"2006","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5002715","article-title":"Urinary biomarkers in the early diagnosis of acute kidney injury","volume":"73","author":"Han","year":"2008","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"598","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.2016030354","article-title":"Matrix Metalloproteinase-7 Is a Urinary Biomarker and Pathogenic Mediator of Kidney Fibrosis","volume":"28","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Z., Limbu, M.H., Wang, Z., Liu, J., Liu, L., Zhang, X., Chen, P., and Liu, B. (2017). MMP-2 and 9 in Chronic Kidney Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18040776"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-13-8871-2_23","article-title":"Hypoxia and Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis","volume":"1165","author":"Li","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"438","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2015.08.010","article-title":"Roles of NGAL and MMP-9 in the tumor microenvironment and sensitivity to targeted therapy","volume":"1863","author":"Candido","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.1016\/j.purol.2011.06.005","article-title":"The neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin, or LCN 2, marker of aggressiveness in clear cell renal cell carcinoma","volume":"21","author":"Perrin","year":"2011","journal-title":"Prog. Urol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"357","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/623196","article-title":"Urinary MMP-9\/NGAL ratio as a potential marker of FSGS in nephrotic children","volume":"34","author":"Wasilewska","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dis. Markers"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Mertowski, S., Lipa, P., Morawska, I., Nied\u017awiedzka-Rystwej, P., B\u0119bnowska, D., Hrynkiewicz, R., Grywalska, E., Roli\u0144ski, J., and Za\u0142uska, W. (2020). Toll-Like Receptor as a Potential Biomarker in Renal Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21186712"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"719","DOI":"10.1007\/s40620-017-0432-8","article-title":"Toll-like receptor-4 signaling mediates inflammation and tissue injury in diabetic nephropathy","volume":"30","author":"Garibotto","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1399-302X.2008.00432.x","article-title":"The role of Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 on reactive oxygen species and nitric oxide production by macrophage cells stimulated with root canal pathogens","volume":"23","author":"Marcato","year":"2008","journal-title":"Oral Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Leemans, J.C., Butter, L.M., Pulskens, W.P., Teske, G.J., Claessen, N., van der Poll, T., and Florquin, S. (2009). The role of Toll-like receptor 2 in inflammation and fibrosis during progressive renal injury. PLoS ONE, 4.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0005704"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"456","DOI":"10.1152\/ajprenal.00403.2005","article-title":"Tubular kidney injury molecule-1 in protein-overload nephropathy","volume":"291","author":"Bakker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Ren. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"271","article-title":"The occurrence Acanthamoeba [free-living amoeba] in environmental and respiratory samples in Poland","volume":"48","author":"Lanocha","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Protozool."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"\u0141anocha-Arendarczyk, N., Baranowska-Bosiacka, I., Kot, K., Gutowska, I., Kolasa-Wo\u0142osiuk, A., Chlubek, D., and Kosik-Bogacka, D. (2018). Expression and Activity of COX-1 and COX-2 in Acanthamoeba sp.-Infected Lungs According to the Host Immunological Status. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms19010121"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/12\/6583\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:19:08Z","timestamp":1760163548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/12\/6583"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]},"references-count":74,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22126583"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22126583","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,19]]}}}