{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:08:48Z","timestamp":1792516128483,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":156,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-10-IDEX-0002"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-10-IDEX-0002"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001665","name":"Agence Nationale de la Recherche","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["ANR-20-SFRI-0012"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ANR-20-SFRI-0012"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001665","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The physiological and pathophysiological relevance of the angiotensin II type 1 (AT1) G protein-coupled receptor no longer needs to be proven in the cardiovascular system. The renin\u2013angiotensin system and the AT1 receptor are the targets of several classes of therapeutics (such as angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin receptor blockers, ARBs) used as first-line treatments in cardiovascular diseases. The importance of AT1 in the regulation of the cerebrovascular system is also acknowledged. However, despite numerous beneficial effects in preclinical experiments, ARBs do not induce satisfactory curative results in clinical stroke studies. A better understanding of AT1 signaling and the development of biased AT1 agonists, able to selectively activate the \u03b2-arrestin transduction pathway rather than the Gq pathway, have led to new therapeutic strategies to target detrimental effects of AT1 activation. In this paper, we review the involvement of AT1 in cerebrovascular diseases as well as recent advances in the understanding of its molecular dynamics and biased or non-biased signaling. We also describe why these alternative signaling pathways induced by \u03b2-arrestin biased AT1 agonists could be considered as new therapeutic avenues for cerebrovascular diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136738","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1624447721000},"page":"6738","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Targeting the Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor in Cerebrovascular Diseases: Biased Signaling Raises New Hopes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"C\u00e9line","family":"Delaitre","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"CITHEFOR, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"},{"name":"Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR7242 CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 300 Boulevard S\u00e9bastien Brant, CS 10413, CEDEX, 67412 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6588-0027","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michel","family":"Boisbrun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CNRS, L2CM, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Lecat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR7242 CNRS\/Universit\u00e9 de Strasbourg, 300 Boulevard S\u00e9bastien Brant, CS 10413, CEDEX, 67412 Illkirch-Graffenstaden, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1947-3839","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fran\u00e7ois","family":"Dupuis","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"CITHEFOR, Universit\u00e9 de Lorraine, F-54000 Nancy, France"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24539","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(19)74498-6","article-title":"Expression cloning of type 2 angiotensin II receptor reveals a unique class of seven-transmembrane receptors","volume":"268","author":"Mukoyama","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. 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