{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,9]],"date-time":"2026-10-09T11:53:53Z","timestamp":1791546833580,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624406400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HELSE S\u00d8R-\u00d8ST","award":["#2017056"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2017056"]}]},{"name":"HELSE S\u00d8R-\u00d8ST","award":["#2020001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2020001"]}]},{"name":"HELSE S\u00d8R-\u00d8ST","award":["#2021021"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#2021021"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#262175"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#262175"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005416","name":"Research Council of Norway","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#277813"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#277813"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005416","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"The National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["#81971327"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#81971327"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Akershus University Hospital Strategic grant","award":["#269901"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["#269901"]}]},{"name":"the KAPPA programme by Technology Agency of the Czech Republic and the Research Council of Norway joint grant","award":["T001000215"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["T001000215"]}]},{"name":"The China Scholarship Council","award":["NO.201906170070"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NO.201906170070"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>DNA repair ensures genomic stability to achieve healthy ageing, including cognitive maintenance. Mutations on genes encoding key DNA repair proteins can lead to diseases with accelerated ageing phenotypes. Some of these diseases are xeroderma pigmentosum group A (XPA, caused by mutation of XPA), Cockayne syndrome group A and group B (CSA, CSB, and are caused by mutations of CSA and CSB, respectively), ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T, caused by mutation of ATM), and Werner syndrome (WS, with most cases caused by mutations in WRN). Except for WS, a common trait of the aforementioned progerias is neurodegeneration. Evidence from studies using animal models and patient tissues suggests that the associated DNA repair deficiencies lead to depletion of cellular nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+), resulting in impaired mitophagy, accumulation of damaged mitochondria, metabolic derailment, energy deprivation, and finally leading to neuronal dysfunction and loss. Intriguingly, these features are also observed in Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD), the most common type of dementia affecting more than 50 million individuals worldwide. Further studies on the mechanisms of the DNA repair deficient premature ageing diseases will help to unveil the mystery of ageing and may provide novel therapeutic strategies for AD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]],"date-time":"2021-06-23T11:28:41Z","timestamp":1624447721000},"page":"6748","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":54,"title":["DNA Damage-Induced Neurodegeneration in Accelerated Ageing and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8920-1487","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Heling","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6632-7853","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sofie","family":"Lautrup","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3827-8943","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Domenica","family":"Caponio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8161-7536","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jianying","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"},{"name":"Xiangya School of Stomatology, Central South University, Changsha 410083, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evandro","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Molecular Biology, Akershus University Hospital, University of Oslo, 1478 L\u00f8renskog, Norway"},{"name":"The Norwegian Centre on Healthy Ageing (NO-Age), 0010 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1002\/em.22087","article-title":"Mechanisms of DNA damage, repair, and mutagenesis","volume":"58","author":"Chatterjee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Environ. Mol. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajhg.2019.06.005","article-title":"DNA Damage and Associated DNA Repair Defects in Disease and Premature Aging","volume":"105","author":"Tiwari","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Hum. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"644","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2017.01.002","article-title":"Endogenous DNA Damage as a Source of Genomic Instability in Cancer","volume":"168","author":"Tubbs","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Carusillo, A., and Mussolino, C. (2020). DNA Damage: From Threat to Treatment. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9071665"},{"key":"ref_5","first-page":"1071","article-title":"The DNA-damage response in human biology and disease","volume":"461","author":"Jackson","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1101\/sqb.2000.65.127","article-title":"Repair of Endogenous DNA Damage","volume":"65","author":"Lindahl","year":"2000","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Symp. Quant. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm.2016.14","article-title":"Nuclear DNA damage signalling to mitochondria in ageing","volume":"17","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.11.028","article-title":"Celebrating DNA\u2019s Repair Crew","volume":"163","author":"Kunkel","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"709","article-title":"Instability and decay of the primary structure of DNA","volume":"362","author":"Lindahl","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, T.-H., and Kang, T.-H. (2019). DNA Oxidation and Excision Repair Pathways. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20236092"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"266","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.06.034","article-title":"DNA Damage and Its Links to Neurodegeneration","volume":"83","author":"Madabhushi","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2019.04.006","article-title":"Emerging Roles of DNA Glycosylases and the Base Excision Repair Pathway","volume":"44","author":"Mullins","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5664","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky326","article-title":"APE1 deficiency promotes cellular senescence and premature aging features","volume":"46","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.22780","article-title":"DNA polymerase-beta mediates the neurogenic effect of beta-amyloid protein in cultured subventricular zone neurospheres","volume":"90","author":"Calafiore","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1002\/jcb.25103","article-title":"Base Excision Repair in the Mitochondria","volume":"116","author":"Prakash","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Cell. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sharma, P., and Sampath, H. (2019). Mitochondrial DNA Integrity: Role in Health and Disease. Cells, 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells8020100"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Boguszewska, K., Szewczuk, M., Ka\u017amierczak-Bara\u0144ska, J., and Karwowski, B.T. (2020). The Similarities between Human Mitochondria and Bacteria in the Context of Structure, Genome, and Base Excision Repair System. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25122857"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1021\/cr040483f","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of mammalian global genome nucleotide excision repair","volume":"106","author":"Gillet","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","first-page":"a012609","article-title":"Nucleotide Excision Repair in Eukaryotes","volume":"5","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz1231","article-title":"A key interaction with RPA orients XPA in NER complexes","volume":"48","author":"Sugitani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm3822","article-title":"Understanding nucleotide excision repair and its roles in cancer and ageing","volume":"15","author":"Marteijn","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"73","DOI":"10.1038\/cr.2008.6","article-title":"Transcription-coupled nucleotide excision repair in mammalian cells: Molecular mechanisms and biological effects","volume":"18","author":"Fousteri","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(85)90150-3","article-title":"DNA repair in an active gene: Removal of pyrimidine dimers from the DHFR gene of CHO cells is much more efficient than in the genome overall","volume":"40","author":"Bohr","year":"1985","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5293","DOI":"10.1093\/emboj\/cdg489","article-title":"The comings and goings of nucleotide excision repair factors on damaged DNA","volume":"22","author":"Riedl","year":"2003","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.32607\/20758251-2014-6-1-23-34","article-title":"Molecular Mechanism of Global Genome Nucleotide Excision Repair","volume":"6","author":"Petruseva","year":"2014","journal-title":"Acta Naturae"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2885","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-10745-5","article-title":"Structural basis of TFIIH activation for nucleotide excision repair","volume":"10","author":"Kokic","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/23.5.687","article-title":"Sensing and repairing DNA double-strand breaks","volume":"23","author":"Jackson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.92","article-title":"A change of view: Homologous recombination at single-molecule resolution","volume":"19","author":"Kaniecki","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10524","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.TM118.000372","article-title":"Homologous recombination and the repair of DNA double-strand breaks","volume":"293","author":"Wright","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcb.2018.10.006","article-title":"Homologous Recombination and the Formation of Complex Genomic Rearrangements","volume":"29","author":"Piazza","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-019-0152-0","article-title":"DNA double-strand break repair-pathway choice in somatic mammalian cells","volume":"20","author":"Scully","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1038\/s41580-020-00297-8","article-title":"The molecular basis and disease relevance of non-homologous DNA end joining","volume":"21","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"712","DOI":"10.1038\/nrm1202","article-title":"Mechanism and regulation of human non-homologous DNA end-joining","volume":"4","author":"Lieber","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Mol. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"605","article-title":"Conserved modes of recruitment of ATM, ATR and DNA-PKcs to sites of DNA damage","volume":"434","author":"Falck","year":"2005","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2004.03.037","article-title":"Homologous recombination-mediated double-strand break repair","volume":"3","author":"Wyman","year":"2004","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R920","DOI":"10.1016\/S0960-9822(01)00555-3","article-title":"DNA repair: How Ku makes ends meet","volume":"11","author":"Doherty","year":"2001","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11668","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201900308R","article-title":"Two-way crosstalk between BER and c-NHEJ repair pathway is mediated by Pol-beta and Ku70","volume":"33","author":"Xia","year":"2019","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"817","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-013-0210-9","article-title":"Chromatin Modifications Associated with DNA Double-strand Breaks Repair as Potential Targets for Neurological Diseases","volume":"10","author":"Brochier","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2015.07.002","article-title":"Cadmium delays non-homologous end joining (NHEJ) repair via inhibition of DNA-PKcs phosphorylation and downregulation of XRCC4 and Ligase IV","volume":"779","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Mol. Mech. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1972","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-020-15879-5","article-title":"Molecular basis for assembly of the shieldin complex and its implications for NHEJ","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13914","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M117.798850","article-title":"Effects of DNA end configuration on XRCC4-DNA ligase IV and its stimulation of Artemis activity","volume":"292","author":"Gerodimos","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1475","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra0804615","article-title":"DNA Damage, Aging, and Cancer","volume":"361","author":"Hoeijmakers","year":"2009","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1321","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gky1202","article-title":"Human DNA ligase IV is able to use NAD+ as an alternative adenylation donor for DNA ends ligation","volume":"47","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1523","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.3537","article-title":"Maintaining genome stability in the nervous system","volume":"16","author":"McKinnon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"672","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn4020","article-title":"Genomic integrity and the ageing brain","volume":"16","author":"Chow","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00408-7","article-title":"DNA Ligase IV Mutations Identified in Patients Exhibiting Developmental Delay and Immunodeficiency","volume":"8","author":"Cerosaletti","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI67349","article-title":"PRKDC mutations in a SCID patient with profound neurological abnormalities","volume":"123","author":"Woodbine","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"619","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg2380","article-title":"Single-strand break repair and genetic disease","volume":"9","author":"Caldecott","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1228","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2020.02.010","article-title":"Ubiquitination of DNA Damage-Stalled RNAPII Promotes Transcription-Coupled Repair","volume":"180","author":"Nakazawa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"800","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2019.09.028","article-title":"Rat Model of Cockayne Syndrome Neurological Disease","volume":"29","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(16)30350-7","article-title":"DNA repair in the trinucleotide repeat disorders","volume":"16","author":"Jones","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1084\/jem.20180199","article-title":"Immune cells and CNS physiology: Microglia and beyond","volume":"216","author":"Norris","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5150678","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/5150678","article-title":"The Role of Microglia and Macrophages in CNS Homeostasis, Autoimmunity, and Cancer","volume":"2017","author":"Yin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Immunol. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1186\/s13045-019-0733-6","article-title":"Ataxia telangiectasia and Rad3-related inhibitors and cancer therapy: Where we stand","volume":"12","author":"Mei","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6378","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0774-19.2019","article-title":"Accumulation of Cytoplasmic DNA Due to ATM Deficiency Activates the Microglial Viral Response System with Neurotoxic Consequences","volume":"39","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3705","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M109.067538","article-title":"The XPA-binding domain of ERCC1 Is Required for Nucleotide Excision Repair but Not Other DNA Repair Pathways","volume":"285","author":"Orelli","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1002\/glia.23925","article-title":"Intrinsic DNA damage repair deficiency results in progressive microglia loss and replacement","volume":"69","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Glia"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612757","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.612757","article-title":"Defective Autophagy and Mitophagy in Aging and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease","volume":"14","author":"Tran","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1477","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.116.303790","article-title":"Molecular Mechanisms of Mitochondrial Autophagy\/Mitophagy in the Heart","volume":"116","author":"Saito","year":"2015","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cai, Q., and Jeong, Y.Y. (2020). Mitophagy in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease and Other Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9010150"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111207","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2020.111207","article-title":"Mitophagy and DNA damage signaling in human aging","volume":"186","author":"Babbar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1490","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2011-08-373639","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction in ataxia-telangiectasia","volume":"119","author":"MacLean","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"882","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2014.03.026","article-title":"Defective Mitophagy in XPA via PARP-1 Hyperactivation and NAD+\/SIRT1 Reduction","volume":"157","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.10.008","article-title":"DNA Damage Response and Metabolic Disease","volume":"20","author":"Shimizu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2017-07-746396","article-title":"DNA damage responses and p53 in the aging process","volume":"131","author":"Ou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"948","DOI":"10.1007\/s13311-019-00768-7","article-title":"DNA Damage Repair in Huntington\u2019s Disease and Other Neurodegenerative Diseases","volume":"16","author":"Maiuri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurotherapeutics"},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"883","article-title":"Gene regulation and DNA damage in the ageing human brain","volume":"429","author":"Lu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"566","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2016.09.004","article-title":"NAD + Replenishment Improves Lifespan and Healthspan in Ataxia Telangiectasia Models via Mitophagy and DNA Repair","volume":"24","author":"Fang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.05.002","article-title":"Ataxia-telangiectasia (A-T): An emerging dimension of premature ageing","volume":"33","author":"Shiloh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/s10522-019-09798-2","article-title":"Studying Werner syndrome to elucidate mechanisms and therapeutics of human aging and age-related diseases","volume":"20","author":"Lautrup","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biogerontology"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"162","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.12541","article-title":"DNA polymerase \u03b2 decrement triggers death of olfactory bulb cells and impairs olfaction in a mouse model of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Misiak","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku1356","article-title":"DNA polymerase \u03b2 deficiency leads to neurodegeneration and exacerbates Alzheimer disease phenotypes","volume":"43","author":"Sykora","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1625","DOI":"10.1093\/carcin\/bgaa114","article-title":"DNA damage and mitochondria in cancer and aging","volume":"41","author":"Patel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Carcinogenesis"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"216","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2016.11.050","article-title":"DNA damage related crosstalk between the nucleus and mitochondria","volume":"107","author":"Saki","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuint.2017.02.007","article-title":"Mitophagy in neurodegeneration and aging","volume":"109","author":"Fivenson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sas, K., Szab\u00f3, E., and V\u00e9csei, L. (2018). Mitochondria, Oxidative Stress and the Kynurenine System, with a Focus on Ageing and Neuroprotection. Molecules, 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules23010191"},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1170","DOI":"10.1038\/s41556-020-00579-5","article-title":"SIRT1 is downregulated by autophagy in senescence and ageing","volume":"22","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2019.100961","article-title":"SIRT2: Controversy and multiple roles in disease and physiology","volume":"55","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.119.315767","article-title":"Mitochondrial Deacetylase Sirt3 Reduces Vascular Dysfunction and Hypertension While Sirt3 Depletion in Essential Hypertension Is Linked to Vascular Inflammation and Oxidative Stress","volume":"126","author":"Dikalova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2019.06.008","article-title":"SENP1-Sirt3 Signaling Controls Mitochondrial Protein Acetylation and Metabolism","volume":"75","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2013.06.016","article-title":"The NAD+\/Sirtuin Pathway Modulates Longevity through Activation of Mitochondrial UPR and FOXO Signaling","volume":"154","author":"Mouchiroud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_82","first-page":"1159","article-title":"Xeroderma Pigmentosum\u2014Facts and Perspectives","volume":"38","author":"Lehmann","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2011.426","article-title":"Shining a Light on Xeroderma Pigmentosum","volume":"132","author":"DiGiovanna","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"7162737","article-title":"Xeroderma Pigmentosum with Severe Neurological Manifestations\/De Sanctis\u2013Cacchione Syndrome and a Novel XPC Mutation","volume":"2017","year":"2017","journal-title":"Case Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4293","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.14557","article-title":"Xeroderma pigmentosum: Overview of pharmacology and novel therapeutic strategies for neurological symptoms","volume":"176","author":"Abeti","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2007.08.043","article-title":"Defective DNA Repair and Neurodegenerative Disease","volume":"130","author":"Rass","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1236","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1519444113","article-title":"Deep phenotyping of 89 xeroderma pigmentosum patients reveals unexpected heterogeneity dependent on the precise molecular defect","volume":"113","author":"Fassihi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"652","article-title":"Defective Repair Replication of DNA in Xeroderma Pigmentosum","volume":"218","author":"Cleaver","year":"1968","journal-title":"Nat. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molcel.2009.09.035","article-title":"Two-Step Recognition of DNA Damage for Mammalian Nucleotide Excision Repair: Directional Binding of the XPC Complex and DNA Strand Scanning","volume":"36","author":"Sugasawa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2005","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-019-03264-5","article-title":"ERCC1-XPF targeting to psoralen-DNA crosslinks depends on XPA and FANCD2","volume":"77","author":"Sabatella","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2016.05.018","article-title":"XPA: A key scaffold for human nucleotide excision repair","volume":"44","author":"Sugitani","year":"2016","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5012","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.11.5012","article-title":"Specific association between the human DNA repair proteins XPA and ERCC1","volume":"91","author":"Li","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4768","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7601894","article-title":"Structural basis for the recruitment of ERCC1-XPF to nucleotide excision repair complexes by XPA","volume":"26","author":"Tsodikov","year":"2007","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/S1097-2765(01)00281-7","article-title":"Sequential Assembly of the Nucleotide Excision Repair Factors In Vivo","volume":"8","author":"Volker","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mol. Cell"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"322","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2019.07.001","article-title":"Ghrelin attenuates oxidative stress and neuronal apoptosis via GHSR-1\u03b1\/AMPK\/Sirt1\/PGC-1\u03b1\/UCP2 pathway in a rat model of neonatal HIE","volume":"141","author":"Huang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104808","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2020.104808","article-title":"Resveratrol protects against ethanol-induced impairment of insulin secretion in INS-1 cells through SIRT1-UCP2 axis","volume":"65","author":"Luo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. In Vitro"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1109","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.11.013","article-title":"Resveratrol improves mitochondrial function and protects against metabolic disease by activating SIRT1 and PGC-1\u03b1","volume":"127","author":"Lagouge","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.09.024","article-title":"Suppression of Reactive Oxygen Species and Neurodegeneration by the PGC-1 Transcriptional Coactivators","volume":"127","author":"Drori","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2967","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5552-09.2010","article-title":"NAD+ Depletion Is Necessary and Sufficient forPoly(ADP-Ribose) Polymerase-1-Mediated Neuronal Death","volume":"30","author":"Alano","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2017.06.028","article-title":"Transcriptional consequences of XPA disruption in human cell lines","volume":"57","author":"Manandhar","year":"2017","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1468","DOI":"10.4161\/auto.29321","article-title":"Contribution of defective mitophagy to the neurodegeneration in DNA repair-deficient disorders","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Autophagy"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.1320420115","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome: Review of 140 cases","volume":"42","author":"Nance","year":"1992","journal-title":"Am. J. Med Genet."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.12.020","article-title":"Xeroderma pigmentosum, trichothiodystrophy and Cockayne syndrome: A complex genotype\u2013phenotype relationship","volume":"145","author":"Kraemer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8675","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.onc.1205994","article-title":"Mitochondrial repair of 8-oxoguanine is deficient in Cockayne syndrome group B","volume":"21","author":"Stevnsner","year":"2002","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_105","first-page":"300","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome\u2014An audiologic and temporal bone analysis","volume":"5","author":"Shemen","year":"1984","journal-title":"Am. J. Otol."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1038\/gim.2015.110","article-title":"The Cockayne Syndrome Natural History (CoSyNH) study: Clinical findings in 102 individuals and recommendations for care","volume":"18","author":"Wilson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Genet. Med."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41514-019-0040-z","article-title":"Short-term NAD+ supplementation prevents hearing loss in mouse models of Cockayne syndrome","volume":"6","author":"Okur","year":"2020","journal-title":"NPJ Aging Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2334","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.09-147991","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome group B protein promotes mitochondrial DNA stability by supporting the DNA repair association with the mitochondrial membrane","volume":"24","author":"Aamann","year":"2010","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1474-9726.2012.00815.x","article-title":"An altered redox balance mediates the hypersensitivity of Cockayne syndrome primary fibroblasts to oxidative stress","volume":"11","author":"Pascucci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.10.005","article-title":"A high-fat diet and NAD+ activate Sirt1 to rescue premature aging in cockayne syndrome","volume":"20","author":"Mitchell","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12502","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1610198113","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome group A and B proteins converge on transcription-linked resolution of non-B DNA","volume":"113","author":"Tseng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13268","DOI":"10.1111\/acel.13268","article-title":"Cockayne syndrome proteins CSA and CSB maintain mitochondrial homeostasis through NAD+ signaling","volume":"19","author":"Okur","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging Cell"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.24522","article-title":"Neurodegeneration in ataxia-telangiectasia: Multiple roles of ATM kinase in cellular homeostasis","volume":"247","author":"Choy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"277","DOI":"10.1111\/pai.13020","article-title":"Ataxia-telangiectasia: A review of clinical features and molecular pathology","volume":"30","author":"Amirifar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pediatr. Allergy Immunol."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238","DOI":"10.1002\/mds.27319","article-title":"Ataxia-telangiectasia: A review of movement disorders, clinical features, and genotype correlations","volume":"33","author":"Levy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mov. Disord."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1002\/ana.25394","article-title":"Genotype, extrapyramidal features and severity of variant Ataxia-Telangiectasia","volume":"85","author":"Schon","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clim.2017.01.009","article-title":"Ataxia-telangiectasia: Immunodeficiency and survival","volume":"178","author":"Haraldsson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2016.00147","article-title":"DNA Damage Response and Immune Defense: Links and Mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Nakad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nastasi, C., Mannarino, L., and D\u2019Incalci, M. (2020). DNA Damage Response and Immune Defense. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207504"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27598","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2014940117","article-title":"Stimulator of interferon genes (STING) is an essential proviral host factor for human rhinovirus species A and C","volume":"117","author":"McKnight","year":"2020","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1126\/science.272.5259.258","article-title":"Positional cloning of the Werner\u2019s syndrome gene","volume":"272","author":"Yu","year":"1996","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibs.2008.09.003","article-title":"Rising from the RecQ-age: The role of human RecQ helicases in genome maintenance","volume":"33","author":"Bohr","year":"2008","journal-title":"Trends Biochem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4614-5037-5_8","article-title":"RecQ Helicases: Conserved Guardians of Genomic Integrity","volume":"767","author":"Larsen","year":"2012","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-060713-035428","article-title":"Human RecQ Helicases in DNA Repair, Recombination, and Replication","volume":"83","author":"Croteau","year":"2014","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/2410","article-title":"The premature ageing syndrome protein, WRN, is a 3\u2032\u21925\u2032 exonuclease","volume":"20","author":"Huang","year":"1998","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5284","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-13172-8","article-title":"NAD+ augmentation restores mitophagy and limits accelerated aging in Werner syndrome","volume":"10","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2016.03.002","article-title":"Werner syndrome: Clinical features, pathogenesis and potential therapeutic interventions","volume":"33","author":"Oshima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_128","unstructured":"Adam, M.P., Ardinger, H.H., Pagon, R.A., Wallace, S.E., Bean, L.J.H., Stephens, K., and Amemiya, A. (1993). Werner Syndrome. GeneReviews(\u00ae), University of Washington."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1447-0594.2012.00913.x","article-title":"Diagnostic criteria for Werner syndrome based on Japanese nationwide epidemiological survey","volume":"13","author":"Takemoto","year":"2013","journal-title":"Geriatr. Gerontol. Int."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-018-0332-9","article-title":"Mitophagy inhibits amyloid-\u03b2 and tau pathology and reverses cognitive deficits in models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"22","author":"Fang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2013.11.002","article-title":"Intrinsic mitochondrial DNA repair defects in Ataxia Telangiectasia","volume":"13","author":"Sharma","year":"2014","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2016.04.006","article-title":"Fanconi Anemia Proteins Function in Mitophagy and Immunity","volume":"165","author":"Sumpter","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6434","DOI":"10.1038\/srep06434","article-title":"Di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate inhibits DNA replication leading to hyperPARylation, SIRT1 attenuation and mitochondrial dysfunction in the testis","volume":"4","author":"Li","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)30367-6","article-title":"Dementia prevention, intervention, and care: 2020 Report of the Lancet Commission","volume":"396","author":"Livingston","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1476-5381.2011.01713.x","article-title":"Tau-targeted treatment strategies in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"165","author":"Ittner","year":"2012","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1038\/nrneurol.2015.225","article-title":"Tau and neurodegenerative disease: The story so far","volume":"12","author":"Iqbal","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"83","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2016.04.005","article-title":"Genome instability in Alzheimer disease","volume":"161","author":"Hou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2080","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2008.02.014","article-title":"DNA base excision repair activities in mouse models of Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"30","author":"Weissman","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5545","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm605","article-title":"Defective DNA base excision repair in brain from individuals with Alzheimer\u2019s disease and amnestic mild cognitive impairment","volume":"35","author":"Weissman","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7497","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkm821","article-title":"Oxidative DNA damage in mild cognitive impairment and late-stage Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"35","author":"Lovell","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.2005.03615.x","article-title":"Increased oxidative damage in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA in mild cognitive impairment","volume":"96","author":"Wang","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"116","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02335-5","article-title":"Decreased base excision repair and increased helicase activity in Alzheimer\u2019s disease brain","volume":"855","author":"Lovell","year":"2000","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"578","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dnarep.2013.04.010","article-title":"The role of DNA repair in brain related disease pathology","volume":"12","author":"Canugovi","year":"2013","journal-title":"DNA Repair"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"440","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mad.2013.04.005","article-title":"Base excision repair in the mammalian brain: Implication for age related neurodegeneration","volume":"134","author":"Sykora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mech. Ageing Dev."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E1876","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1718819115","article-title":"NAD+ supplementation normalizes key Alzheimer\u2019s features and DNA damage responses in a new AD mouse model with introduced DNA repair deficiency","volume":"115","author":"Hou","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2017.01.002","article-title":"Mitophagy and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Cellular and Molecular Mechanisms","volume":"40","author":"Kerr","year":"2017","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2019.09.001","article-title":"NAD+ in Brain Aging and Neurodegenerative Disorders","volume":"30","author":"Lautrup","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1581","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2012.12.005","article-title":"Nicotinamide riboside restores cognition through an upregulation of proliferator-activated receptor-gamma coactivator 1alpha regulated beta-secretase 1 degradation and mitochondrial gene expression in Alzheimer\u2019s mouse models","volume":"34","author":"Gong","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/13\/6748\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:22:06Z","timestamp":1760163726000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/13\/6748"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]},"references-count":148,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22136748"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22136748","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,23]]}}}