{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,8]],"date-time":"2026-07-08T05:57:43Z","timestamp":1783490263417,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1624579200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The literature indicates the existence of a relationship between rhamnolipids and bacterial biofilm, as well as the ability of selected bacteria to produce rhamnolipids and alginate. However, the influence of biosurfactant molecules on the mechanical properties of biofilms are still not fully understood. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of rhamnolipids concentration, CaCl2 concentration, and ionic cross-linking time on the mechanical properties of alginate hydrogels using a Box\u2013Behnken design. The mechanical properties of cross-linked alginate hydrogels were characterized using a universal testing machine. It was assumed that the addition of rhamnolipids mainly affects the compression load, and the value of this parameter is lower for hydrogels produced with biosurfactant concentration below CMC than for hydrogels obtained in pure water. In contrast, the addition of rhamnolipids in an amount exceeding CMC causes an increase in compression load. In bacterial biofilms, the presence of rhamnolipid molecules does not exceed the CMC value, which may confirm the influence of this biosurfactant on the formation of the biofilm structure. Moreover, rhamnolipids interact with the hydrophobic part of the alginate copolymer chains, and then the hydrophilic groups of adsorbed biosurfactant molecules create additional calcium ion trapping sites.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22136840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]],"date-time":"2021-06-25T11:07:40Z","timestamp":1624619260000},"page":"6840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Influence of Rhamnolipids and Ionic Cross-Linking Conditions on the Mechanical Properties of Alginate Hydrogels as a Model Bacterial Biofilm"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6063-4505","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Czaplicka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2748-0393","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Szymon","family":"Mania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemistry, Technology and Biotechnology of Food, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2924-7360","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Donata","family":"Konopacka-\u0141yskawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Process Engineering and Chemical Technology, Faculty of Chemistry, Gda\u0144sk University of Technology, 80-233 Gda\u0144sk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3475","DOI":"10.1016\/S0142-9612(03)00167-4","article-title":"Evaluation of sodium alginate for bone marrow cell tissue engineering","volume":"24","author":"Wang","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1002\/jrs.2517","article-title":"Characterization of sodium alginate and its block fractions by surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy","volume":"41","author":"Clavijo","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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