{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,2]],"date-time":"2026-10-02T01:37:32Z","timestamp":1790905052902,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Neonates are at an increased risk of an infectious disease. This is consistent with an increased abundance of myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs) compared with older children and adults. Using a murine model of neonatal bacterial sepsis, we demonstrate that MDSCs modulate their activity during an infection to enhance immune suppressive functions. A gene expression analysis shows that MDSCs increased NOS2, Arg-1 and IL-27p28 expression in vitro and in vivo in response to Escherichia coli O1:K1:H7 and this is regulated at the level of the gene expression. Changes in the effector gene expression are consistent with increased enzymatic activity and cytokine secretion. The neonatal MDSCs express toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, 4 and 5 capable of recognizing pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPS) on E. coli. However, a variable level of effector expression was achieved in response to LPS, peptidoglycan or flagellin. Individual bacterial PAMPs did not stimulate the expression of Arg-l and IL-27p28 equivalently to E. coli. However, the upregulation of NOS2 was achieved in response to LPS, peptidoglycan and flagella. The increased immune suppressive profile translated to an enhanced suppression of CD4+ T cell proliferation. Collectively, these findings increase our understanding of the dynamic nature of MDSC activity and suggest that these cells abundant in early life can acquire activity during an infection that suppresses protective immunity.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137047","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T10:03:19Z","timestamp":1625047399000},"page":"7047","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells Gain Suppressive Function during Neonatal Bacterial Sepsis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6167-4848","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jordan K.","family":"Vance","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Travis W.","family":"Rawson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jessica M.","family":"Povroznik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kathleen M.","family":"Brundage","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2122-2046","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cory M.","family":"Robinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University School of Medicine, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"},{"name":"Vaccine Development Center, Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Cell Biology, West Virginia University Health Sciences Center, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"UNCF (2019). 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