{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T21:38:03Z","timestamp":1792013883944,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":81,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625011200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Fisheries Department of the Israel Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Development","award":["ND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ND"]}]},{"name":"Israeli Fish Breeders Association","award":["ND"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["ND"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oreochromis fishes exhibit variability of sex-determination (SD) genes whose characterization contributes to understanding of the sex differentiation network, and to effective tilapia farming, which requires all-male culture. However, O. niloticus (On) amh is the only master-key regulator (MKR) of SD that has been mapped (XY\/XX SD-system on LG23). In O. aureus (Oa), LG3 controls a WZ\/ZZ SD-system that has recently been delimited to 9.2 Mbp, with an embedded interval rich with female-specific variation, harboring two paics genes and banf2. Developing genetic markers within this interval and using a hybrid Oa stock that demonstrates no recombination repression in LG3, we mapped the critical SD region to 235 Kbp on the orthologous On physical map (p &lt; 1.5 \u00d7 10\u221226). DNA-seq assembly and peak-proportion analysis of variation based on Sanger chromatograms allowed the characterization of copy-number variation (CNV) of banf2. Oa males had three exons capable of encoding 90-amino-acid polypeptides, yet in Oa females, we found an extra copy with an 89-amino-acid polypeptide and three non-conservative amino acid substitutions, designated as banf2w. CNV analysis suggested the existence of two to five copies of banf2 in diploidic Cichlidae. Disrupting the Hardy\u2013Weinberg equilibrium (p &lt; 4.2 \u00d7 10\u22123), banf2w was concordant with female determination in Oa and in three cichlids with LG3 WZ\/ZZ SD-systems (O. tanganicae,\u00a0O. hornorum and Pelmatolapia mariae). Furthermore, exclusive RNA-seq expression in Oa females strengthened the candidacy of banf2w as the long-sought LG3 SD MKR. As banf genes mediate nuclear assembly, chromatin organization, gene expression and gonad development, banf2w may play a fundamental role inducing female nucleus formation that is essential for WZ\/ZZ SD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137073","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]],"date-time":"2021-06-30T10:03:19Z","timestamp":1625047399000},"page":"7073","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["Gene Variant of Barrier to Autointegration Factor 2 (Banf2w) Is Concordant with Female Determination in Cichlids"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8038-8708","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Arie Yehuda","family":"Curzon","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeTsiyon 7528809, Israel"},{"name":"Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrey","family":"Shirak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeTsiyon 7528809, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ayana","family":"Benet-Perlberg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dor Research Station, Division of Fishery and Aquaculture, Hof HaCarmel 30820, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alon","family":"Naor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dor Research Station, Division of Fishery and Aquaculture, Hof HaCarmel 30820, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shai Israel","family":"Low-Tanne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dor Research Station, Division of Fishery and Aquaculture, Hof HaCarmel 30820, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haled","family":"Sharkawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dor Research Station, Division of Fishery and Aquaculture, Hof HaCarmel 30820, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha","family":"Ron","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeTsiyon 7528809, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6191-8948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eyal","family":"Seroussi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Animal Science, Agricultural Research Organization, Rishon LeTsiyon 7528809, Israel"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1001","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1742-4658.2011.08028.x","article-title":"Vertebrate sex determination: Questioning the hierarchy","volume":"278","author":"Herpin","year":"2011","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1038\/nrg.2017.60","article-title":"Vertebrate sex determination: Evolutionary plasticity of a fundamental switch","volume":"18","author":"Capel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Genet."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"354","DOI":"10.1002\/dvdy.23887","article-title":"How to evolve new vertebrate sex determining genes","volume":"242","author":"Graves","year":"2013","journal-title":"Dev. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1038\/346245a0","article-title":"A gene mapping to the sex-determining region of the mouse Y chromosome is a member of a novel family of embryonically expressed genes","volume":"346","author":"Gubbay","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1038\/346240a0","article-title":"A gene from the human sex-determining region encodes a protein with homology to a conserved DNA-binding motif","volume":"346","author":"Sinclair","year":"1990","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1246338","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1246338","article-title":"Complex evolutionary trajectories of sex chromosomes across bird taxa","volume":"346","author":"Zhou","year":"2014","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1038\/nature08298","article-title":"The avian Z-linked gene DMRT1 is required for male sex determination in the chicken","volume":"461","author":"Smith","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Curzon, A.Y., Dor, L., Shirak, A., Rosenfeld, H., Ashkenazi, I.M., Ron, M., and Seroussi, E. (2020). A novel c.1759T>G variant in follicle-stimulating hormone-receptor gene is concordant with male determination in the flathead grey mullet (Mugil cephalus). G3 Genes Genomes Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1093\/g3journal\/jkaa044"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00295445","article-title":"Sex determination in Sarotherodon (tilapia)","volume":"55","author":"Hammerman","year":"1979","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(91)90016-Z","article-title":"The heredity of sex determination in tilapias","volume":"92","author":"Wohlfarth","year":"1991","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"843","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(01)00408-1","article-title":"The genetics and biology of vertebrate sex determination","volume":"105","author":"Koopman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2010-11-4-205","article-title":"Are homologies in vertebrate sex determination due to shared ancestry or to limited options?","volume":"11","author":"Graves","year":"2010","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2012.05.045","article-title":"An immune-related gene evolved into the master sex-determining gene in rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss","volume":"22","author":"Yano","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/eva.12032","article-title":"The sexually dimorphic on the Y-chromosome gene (sdY) is a conserved male-specific Y-chromosome sequence in many salmonids","volume":"6","author":"Yano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evol. Appl."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1260","DOI":"10.15252\/embr.201540667","article-title":"Plasticity of gene-regulatory networks controlling sex determination: Of masters, slaves, usual suspects, newcomers, and usurpators","volume":"16","author":"Herpin","year":"2015","journal-title":"EMBO Rep."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12781","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1803826115","article-title":"The unusual rainbow trout sex determination gene hijacked the canonical vertebrate gonadal differentiation pathway","volume":"115","author":"Bertho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-018-0131-9","article-title":"Quantitative trait loci on LGs 9 and 14 affect the reproductive interaction between two Oreochromis species, O. niloticus and O. aureus","volume":"122","author":"Shirak","year":"2018","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.3923\/biotech.2014.213.216","article-title":"Tilapia sex reversal using methyl testosterone (MT) and its effect on fish, man and environment","volume":"13","author":"Megbowon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotechnology"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(75)90086-1","article-title":"All-male broods of Tilapia nilotica \u00d7 T. aurea hybrids","volume":"6","author":"Pruginin","year":"1975","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02985334","article-title":"The Malacca tilapia hybrids","volume":"57","author":"Hickling","year":"1960","journal-title":"J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_21","first-page":"10","article-title":"Approaches to national fish breeding programs: Pointers from tilapia pilot study","volume":"14","author":"Eknath","year":"1991","journal-title":"Naga ICLARM Q."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"375","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13726","article-title":"The genomic substrate for adaptive radiation in African cichlid fish","volume":"513","author":"Brawand","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1558-5646.2009.00871.x","article-title":"Multiple interacting loci control sex determination in lake Malawi Cichlid fishes","volume":"64","author":"Ser","year":"2010","journal-title":"Evolution"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbpa.2008.11.018","article-title":"Tilapia sex determination: Where temperature and genetics meet","volume":"153","author":"Baroiller","year":"2009","journal-title":"Comp. Biochem. Physiol. A Mol. Integr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00226206","article-title":"Sex determination in the genus Oreochromis\u20142. Sex reversal, hybridisation, gynogenesis and triploidy in O. aureus Steindachner","volume":"82","author":"Mair","year":"1991","journal-title":"Theor. Appl. Genet."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/s41437-020-0340-x","article-title":"A duplication of the Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone gene is associated with genetic sex determination of different Oreochromis niloticus strains","volume":"125","author":"Curzon","year":"2020","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3639","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.120.401573","article-title":"Locating the sex determining region of linkage group 12 of guppy (Poecilia reticulata)","volume":"10","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2020","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3867","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.119.400656","article-title":"Mapping of the sex determining region on linkage group 12 of guppy (Poecilia reticulata)","volume":"9","author":"Dor","year":"2019","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1111\/age.13057","article-title":"All-male production by marker-assisted selection for sex determining loci of admixed Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis aureus stocks","volume":"52","author":"Curzon","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gammerdinger, W.J., and Kocher, T.D. (2018). Unusual diversity of sex chromosomes in african cichlid fishes. Genes, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes9100480"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"397","DOI":"10.1007\/s10750-018-3778-6","article-title":"Characterization of sex chromosomes in three deeply diverged species of Pseudocrenilabrinae (Teleostei: Cichlidae)","volume":"832","author":"Gammerdinger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hydrobiologia"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gammerdinger, W.J., Conte, M.A., Baroiller, J.-F., D\u2019Cotta, H., and Kocher, T.D. (2016). Comparative analysis of a sex chromosome from the blackchin tilapia, Sarotherodon melanotheron. BMC Genom., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-016-3163-7"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"439","DOI":"10.1093\/gbe\/evz003","article-title":"Repeated evolution versus common ancestry: Sex chromosome evolution in the haplochromine cichlid Pseudocrenilabrus philander","volume":"11","author":"Weber","year":"2019","journal-title":"Genome Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Eshel, O., Shirak, A., Dor, L., Band, M., Zak, T., Markovich-Gordon, M., Chalifa-Caspi, V., Feldmesser, E., Weller, J.I., and Seroussi, E. (2014). Identification of male-specific amh duplication, sexually differentially expressed genes and microRNAs at early embryonic development of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus). BMC Genom., 15.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2164-15-774"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Taslima, K., Wehner, S., Taggart, J.B., de Verdal, H., Benzie, J.A.H., Bekaert, M., McAndrew, B.J., and Penman, D.J. (2020). Sex determination in the GIFT strain of tilapia is controlled by a locus in linkage group 23. BMC Genet., 21.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12863-020-00853-3"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Li, M., Sun, Y., Zhao, J., Shi, H., Zeng, S., Ye, K., Jiang, D., Zhou, L., Sun, L., and Tao, W. (2015). A tandem duplicate of Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone with a missense SNP on the Y chromosome is esential for male sex determination in Nile tilapia, Oreochromis niloticus. PLoS Genet., 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1005678"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"700","DOI":"10.1098\/rsbl.2008.0286","article-title":"Sex-linked markers and microsatellite locus duplication in the cichlid species Oreochromis tanganicae","volume":"4","author":"Cnaani","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1007\/s12041-016-0653-y","article-title":"Screening and identification of a microsatellite marker associated with sex in Wami tilapia, Oreochromis urolepis hornorum","volume":"95","author":"Zhu","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Genet."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1093\/jhered\/esy003","article-title":"Novel Sex Chromosomes in 3 Cichlid Fishes from Lake Tanganyika","volume":"109","author":"Gammerdinger","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hered."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conte, M.A., Gammerdinger, W.J., Bartie, K.L., Penman, D.J., and Kocher, T.D. (2017). A high quality assembly of the Nile Tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) genome reveals the structure of two sex determination regions. BMC Genom., 18.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3723-5"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Conte, M.A., Clark, F.E., Roberts, R.B., Xu, L., Tao, W., Zhou, Q., Wang, D., and Kocher, T.D. (2020). Origin of a giant sex chromosome. Mol. Biol. Evol.","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msaa319"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wu, X., Zhao, L., Fan, Z., Lu, B., Chen, J., Tan, D., Jiang, D., Tao, W., and Wang, D. (2021). Screening and characterization of sex-linked DNA markers and marker-assisted selection in blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus). Aquaculture, 530.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aquaculture.2020.735934"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/1755-0998.13273","article-title":"High-quality chromosome-level genomes of two tilapia species reveal their evolution of repeat sequences and sex chromosomes","volume":"21","author":"Tao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Ecol. Resour."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800453","article-title":"Two unlinked loci controlling the sex of blue tilapia (Oreochromis aureus)","volume":"92","author":"Lee","year":"2004","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1016\/0044-8486(79)90111-X","article-title":"Effects of estrogens on Tilapia aurea: Implications for production of monosex genetic male tilapia","volume":"16","author":"Jensen","year":"1979","journal-title":"Aquaculture"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1095-8649.1990.tb05937.x","article-title":"Sex-determining genes in tilapia: A model of genetic recombination emerging from sex ratio results of three generations of diploid gynogenetic Oreochromis aureus","volume":"37","author":"Avtalion","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Fish Biol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2006.02.024","article-title":"Sex chromosome specialization and degeneration in mammals","volume":"124","author":"Graves","year":"2006","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"645","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gde.2005.09.002","article-title":"Chromosomal sex-determining regions in animals, plants and fungi","volume":"15","author":"Fraser","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.104.035022","article-title":"A second-generation genetic linkage map of tilapia (Oreochromis spp.)","volume":"170","author":"Lee","year":"2005","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1007\/s10577-009-9071-9","article-title":"FISH and DAPI staining of the synaptonemal complex of the Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) allow orientation of the unpaired region of bivalent 1 observed during early pachytene","volume":"17","author":"Ocalewicz","year":"2009","journal-title":"Chromosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.hdy.6800697","article-title":"Steps in the evolution of heteromorphic sex chromosomes","volume":"95","author":"Charlesworth","year":"2005","journal-title":"Heredity"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Seroussi, E. (2021). Estimating copy-number proportions: The comeback of Sanger sequencing. Genes, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes12020283"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e168","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku936","article-title":"Easy quantitative assessment of genome editing by sequence trace decomposition","volume":"42","author":"Brinkman","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1573","DOI":"10.1534\/genetics.106.059030","article-title":"Amh and dmrta2 genes map to tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) linkage group 23 within quantitative trait locus regions for sex determination","volume":"174","author":"Shirak","year":"2006","journal-title":"Genetics"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.111.001545","article-title":"Linkage and physical mapping of sex region on LG23 of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"2","author":"Eshel","year":"2012","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"222","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2010.02128.x","article-title":"Fine-mapping of a locus on linkage group 23 for sex determination in Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)","volume":"42","author":"Eshel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2955","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1018392109","article-title":"A Y-linked anti-Mullerian hormone duplication takes over a critical role in sex determination","volume":"109","author":"Hattori","year":"2012","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rondeau, E.B., Laurie, C.V., Johnson, S.C., and Koop, B.F. (2016). A PCR assay detects a male-specific duplicated copy of Anti-M\u00fcllerian hormone (amh) in the lingcod (Ophiodon elongatus). BMC Res. Notes, 9.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-016-2030-6"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2489","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.117.042697","article-title":"A duplicated, truncated amh gene is involved in male sex determination in an old world Silverside","volume":"7","author":"Bej","year":"2017","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, Q., Feron, R., Yano, A., Guyomard, R., Jouanno, E., Vigouroux, E., Wen, M., Busne, J.M., Bobe, J., and Concordet, J.P. (2019). Identification of the master sex determining gene in Northern pike (Esox lucius) reveals restricted sex chromosome differentiation. PLoS Genet., 15.","DOI":"10.1101\/549527"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74757-8","article-title":"Genetic determinism of spontaneous masculinisation in XX female rainbow trout: New insights using medium throughput genotyping and whole-genome sequencing","volume":"10","author":"Fraslin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ferraresso, S., Bargelloni, L., Babbucci, M., Cannas, R., Follesa, M.C., Carugati, L., Melis, R., Cau, A., Koutrakis, M., and Sapounidis, A. (2021). Fshr: A fish sex-determining locus shows variable incomplete penetrance across flathead grey mullet populations. iScience, 24.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2020.101886"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R561","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpregu.00645.2010","article-title":"Sry, more than testis determination?","volume":"301","author":"Turner","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Integr. Comp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexcr.2005.11.013","article-title":"Barrier-to-autointegration factor-like (BAF-L): A proposed regulator of BAF","volume":"312","author":"Tifft","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Cell Res."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/mrd.20010","article-title":"Expression profiling of the developing testis in wild-type and Dazl knockout mice","volume":"67","author":"Maratou","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Reprod. Dev."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3264","DOI":"10.1093\/hmg\/dds170","article-title":"Discovery of novel protein partners of the transcription factor FOXL2 provides insights into its physiopathological roles","volume":"21","author":"Georges","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Mol. Genet."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"571","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.201901573R","article-title":"Conventional and unconventional interactions of the transcription factor FOXL2 uncovered by a proteome-wide analysis","volume":"34","author":"Perrin","year":"2020","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3290","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0408364102","article-title":"Barrier-to-autointegration factor is required to segregate and enclose chromosomes within the nuclear envelope and assemble the nuclear lamina","volume":"102","author":"Margalit","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6969","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M208811200","article-title":"Transcriptional repressor germ cell-less (GCL) and barrier to autointegration factor (BAF) compete for binding to emerin in vitro","volume":"278","author":"Holaska","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-13-0159","article-title":"FOXL2: A central transcription factor of the ovary","volume":"52","author":"Georges","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4419-1599-3_16","article-title":"FOXL2: At the crossroads of female sex determination and ovarian function","volume":"665","author":"Benayoun","year":"2009","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1159\/000444065","article-title":"Signaling pathways involved in mammalian sex determination and gonad development","volume":"9","author":"Windley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sex. Dev."},{"key":"ref_73","first-page":"2","article-title":"Mechanisms of DNA expansion","volume":"104","author":"McMurray","year":"1995","journal-title":"Chromosoma"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2013.00273","article-title":"Copy-number changes in evolution: Rates, fitness effects and adaptive significance","volume":"4","author":"Katju","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11778","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.182314699","article-title":"A duplicated copy of DMRT1 in the sex-determining region of the Y chromosome of the medaka, Oryzias latipes","volume":"99","author":"Nanda","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1543","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biotechadv.2012.04.008","article-title":"The insulin-like androgenic gland hormone in crustaceans: From a single gene silencing to a wide array of sexual manipulation-based biotechnologies","volume":"30","author":"Ventura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biotechnol. Adv."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bao, L., Tian, C., Liu, S., Zhang, Y., Elaswad, A., Yuan, Z., Khalil, K., Sun, F., Yang, Y., and Zhou, T. (2019). The Y chromosome sequence of the channel catfish suggests novel sex determination mechanisms in teleost fish. BMC Biol., 17.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12915-019-0627-7"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"459","DOI":"10.12681\/mms.1384","article-title":"DNA barcoding of fish species from the Mediterranean coast of Israel","volume":"17","author":"Shirak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediterr. Mar. Sci."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e115","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks596","article-title":"Primer3-new capabilities and interfaces","volume":"40","author":"Untergasser","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1455","DOI":"10.1534\/g3.114.011387","article-title":"Construction of a microsatellites-based linkage map for the White Grouper (Epinephelus aeneus)","volume":"4","author":"Dor","year":"2014","journal-title":"G3 Genes Genomes Genet."},{"key":"ref_81","unstructured":"Pruitt, K., Brown, G., Tatusova, T., and Maglott, D. (2002). The Reference Sequence (RefSeq) database. The NCBI Handbook, National Library of Medicine (US), National Center for Biotechnology Information. Available online: https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/books\/NBK21091\/."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/13\/7073\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:24:12Z","timestamp":1760163852000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/13\/7073"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]},"references-count":81,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22137073"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22137073","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,6,30]]}}}