{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,4]],"date-time":"2025-11-04T10:57:17Z","timestamp":1762253837174,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education","award":["SUB\/2020-080100-D016"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SUB\/2020-080100-D016"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cryptorchidism in horses is a commonly occurring malformation. The molecular basis of this pathology is not fully known. In addition, the origins of high intratesticular estrogen levels in horses remain obscure. In order to investigate the role of the G-protein-coupled membrane estrogen receptor (GPER) and establish histological and biochemical cryptorchid testis status, healthy and cryptorchid horse testes were subjected to scanning electron microscopy analysis, histochemical staining for total protein (with naphthol blue black; NBB), acid content (with toluidine blue O; TBO), and polysaccharide content (with periodic acid\u2013Schiff; PAS). The expression of GPER was analyzed by immunohistochemistry and Western blot. GPER-mediated intracellular cAMP and calcium (Ca2+) signaling were measured immunoenzymatically or colorimetrically. Our data revealed changes in the distribution of polysaccharide content but not the protein and acid content in the cryptorchid testis. Polysaccharides seemed to be partially translocated from the interstitial compartment to the seminiferous tubule compartment. Moreover, the markedly decreased expression of GPER and GPER downstream molecules, cAMP and Ca2+, suggests their potential role in testis pathology. Increased estrogen levels in cryptorchid conditions may be linked to disturbed GPER signaling. We postulate that GPER is a prominent key player in testis development and function and may be used as a new biomarker of horse testis in health and disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137131","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T12:03:27Z","timestamp":1625141007000},"page":"7131","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["The G-Protein-Coupled Membrane Estrogen Receptor Is Present in Horse Cryptorchid Testes and Mediates Downstream Pathways"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Maciej","family":"Witkowski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24\/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"},{"name":"Equine Hospital on the Racing Truck, Sluzewiec, Pulawska 266, 02-684 Warszawa, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0044-1960","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Laura","family":"Pardyak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3945-8639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Pawlicki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Experimental and Innovative Medicine, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Redzina 1c, 30-248 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2690-1459","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anna","family":"Galuszka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24\/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Magdalena","family":"Profaska-Szymik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24\/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5579-5101","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Bartosz J.","family":"Plachno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plant Cytology and Embryology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Samuel","family":"Kantor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24\/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0677-060X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michal","family":"Duliban","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Endocrinology, Institute of Zoology and Biomedical Research, Jagiellonian University in Krakow, Gronostajowa 9, 30-387 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6379-996X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Malgorzata","family":"Kotula-Balak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"University Centre of Veterinary Medicine JU-UA, University of Agriculture in Krakow, Mickiewicza 24\/28, 30-059 Krakow, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod.114.119560","article-title":"Cryptorchidism in the orl rat is associated with muscle patterning defects in the fetal gubernaculum and altered hormonal signaling","volume":"91","author":"Barthold","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biol. 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