{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T04:28:13Z","timestamp":1772252893703,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625097600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Royal Society Te Aparangi Marsden Fund","award":["UOO1602"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UOO1602"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oxytocin and vasopressin secretion from the posterior pituitary gland are required for normal pregnancy and lactation. Oxytocin secretion is relatively low and constant under basal conditions but becomes pulsatile during birth and lactation to stimulate episodic contraction of the uterus for delivery of the fetus and milk ejection during suckling. Vasopressin secretion is maintained in pregnancy and lactation despite reduced osmolality (the principal stimulus for vasopressin secretion) to increase water retention to cope with the cardiovascular demands of pregnancy and lactation. Oxytocin and vasopressin secretion are determined by the action potential (spike) firing of magnocellular neurosecretory neurons of the hypothalamic supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei. In addition to synaptic input activity, spike firing depends on intrinsic excitability conferred by the suite of channels expressed by the neurons. Therefore, we analysed oxytocin and vasopressin neuron activity in anaesthetised non-pregnant, late-pregnant, and lactating rats to test the hypothesis that intrinsic excitability of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons is increased in late pregnancy and lactation to promote oxytocin and vasopressin secretion required for successful pregnancy and lactation. Hazard analysis of spike firing revealed a higher incidence of post-spike hyperexcitability immediately following each spike in oxytocin neurons, but not in vasopressin neurons, in late pregnancy and lactation, which is expected to facilitate high frequency firing during bursts. Despite lower osmolality in late-pregnant and lactating rats, vasopressin neuron activity was not different between non-pregnant, late-pregnant, and lactating rats, and blockade of osmosensitive \u0394N-TRPV1 channels inhibited vasopressin neurons to a similar extent in non-pregnant, late-pregnant, and lactating rats. Furthermore, supraoptic nucleus \u0394N-TRPV1 mRNA expression was not different between non-pregnant and late-pregnant rats, suggesting that sustained activity of \u0394N-TRPV1 channels might maintain vasopressin neuron activity to increase water retention during pregnancy and lactation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]],"date-time":"2021-07-01T12:03:27Z","timestamp":1625141007000},"page":"7140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Plasticity in Intrinsic Excitability of Hypothalamic Magnocellular Neurosecretory Neurons in Late-Pregnant and Lactating Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Michael R.","family":"Perkinson","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rachael A.","family":"Augustine","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gregory T.","family":"Bouwer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Emily F.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Isaiah","family":"Cheong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alexander J.","family":"Seymour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Fronius","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"HeartOtago, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2305-846X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Colin H.","family":"Brown","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Brain Health Research Centre, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Centre for Neuroendocrinology, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, P.O. Box 56, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1002\/cphy.c150053","article-title":"Magnocellular neurons and posterior pituitary function","volume":"6","author":"Brown","year":"2016","journal-title":"Compr. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_2","first-page":"27","article-title":"Control of neurohypophysial hormone secretion, blood osmolality and volume in pregnancy","volume":"59","author":"Brunton","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1016\/S1521-690X(03)00049-6","article-title":"Disorders of body water homeostasis","volume":"17","author":"Verbalis","year":"2003","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"798","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI113386","article-title":"Serial evaluation of vasopressin release and thirst in human pregnancy. Role of human chorionic gonadotrophin in the osmoregulatory changes of gestation","volume":"81","author":"Davison","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"337","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI110261","article-title":"Osmoregulation during pregnancy in the rat. Evidence for resetting of the threshold for vasopressin secretion during gestation","volume":"68","author":"Durr","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"409","DOI":"10.1113\/expphysiol.1998.sp004124","article-title":"Daily patterns of secretion of neurohypophysial hormones in man: Effect of age","volume":"83","author":"Forsling","year":"1998","journal-title":"Exp. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1981.sp013967","article-title":"Extracellular recordings from oxytocin neurones during the expulsive phase of birth in unanaesthetized rats","volume":"321","author":"Summerlee","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0900255","article-title":"Electrophysiological recordings from oxytocinergic neurones during suckling in the unanaesthetized lactating rat","volume":"90","author":"Summerlee","year":"1981","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.0570477","article-title":"The milk-ejection reflex of the rat: A 20- to 40-fold acceleration in the firing of paraventricular neurones during oxytocin release","volume":"57","author":"Wakerley","year":"1973","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(02)02142-2","article-title":"Integration of sodium and osmosensory signals in vasopressin neurons","volume":"25","author":"Voisin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn2400","article-title":"Central mechanisms of osmosensation and systemic osmoregulation","volume":"9","author":"Bourque","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1614","article-title":"An N-terminal variant of Trpv1 channel is required for osmosensory transduction","volume":"9","author":"Naeini","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"341","DOI":"10.1038\/364341a0","article-title":"Mechanosensitive channels transduce osmosensitivity in supraoptic neurons","volume":"364","author":"Oliet","year":"1993","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4008","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3278-06.2007","article-title":"Actin filaments mediate mechanical gating during osmosensory transduction in rat supraoptic nucleus neurons","volume":"27","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2004.01204.x","article-title":"Contribution of Ca2+-activated K+ channels to hyperpolarizing after-potentials and discharge pattern in rat supraoptic neurones","volume":"16","author":"Greffrath","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"493","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1998.493bb.x","article-title":"Components of after-hyperpolarization in magnocellular neurones of the rat supraoptic nucleus in vitro","volume":"513","author":"Greffrath","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"389","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1996.sp021500","article-title":"Activity dependence and functional role of the apamin-sensitive K+ current in rat supraoptic neurones in vitro","volume":"494","author":"Kirkpatrick","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2612","DOI":"10.1152\/jn.00599.2007","article-title":"Calcium-dependent fast depolarizing afterpotentials in vasopressin neurons in the rat supraoptic nucleus","volume":"98","author":"Teruyama","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Neurophysiol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/0006-8993(86)91392-2","article-title":"Immunoreactivity to vasopressin\u2014But not oxytocin-associated neurophysin antiserum in phasic neurons of rat hypothalamic paraventricular nucleus","volume":"362","author":"Cobbett","year":"1986","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1994.sp020053","article-title":"Electrophysiological characteristics of immunochemically identified rat oxytocin and vasopressin neurones in vitro","volume":"475","author":"Armstrong","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3591","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273712","article-title":"Prolactin regulation of oxytocin neurone activity in pregnancy and lactation","volume":"595","author":"Augustine","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2004.01208.x","article-title":"Effects of neurotensin on the organisation of activity in supraoptic nucleus cells in virgin and lactating rats","volume":"16","author":"Johnstone","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1236","DOI":"10.1042\/BST0351236","article-title":"Somatodendritic dynorphin release: Orchestrating activity patterns of vasopressin neurons","volume":"35","author":"Brown","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biochem. Soc. Trans."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.2005.03885.x","article-title":"Morphine withdrawal increases intrinsic excitability of oxytocin neurons in morphine-dependent rats","volume":"21","author":"Brown","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12569","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12569","article-title":"Integrative neuro-humoral regulation of oxytocin neuron activity in pregnancy and lactation","volume":"30","author":"Augustine","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4861","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.16-16-04861.1996","article-title":"Changes in the electrical properties of supraoptic nucleus oxytocin and vasopressin neurons during lactation","volume":"16","author":"Stern","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"933","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2002.00844.x","article-title":"Changes in the active membrane properties of rat supraoptic neurones during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"14","author":"Teruyama","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2005.11.005","article-title":"Mechanisms of rhythmogenesis: Insights from hypothalamic vasopressin neurons","volume":"29","author":"Brown","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2004.063982","article-title":"Phasic spike patterning in rat supraoptic neurones in vivo and in vitro","volume":"558","author":"Sabatier","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Royo, J.M., Brown, C.H., Leng, G., and MacGregor, D.J. (2016). Oxytocin neurones: Intrinsic mechanisms governing the regularity of spiking activity. J. Neuroendocrinol., 28.","DOI":"10.1111\/jne.12358"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2826.2000.00478.x","article-title":"The variability of basal action potential firing is positively correlated with bursting in hypothalamic oxytocin neurones","volume":"12","author":"Brown","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2004.01.033","article-title":"Oxytocin neurones are recruited into co-ordinated fluctuations of firing before bursting in the rat","volume":"125","author":"Moos","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-7793.1997.625bg.x","article-title":"Onset of bursting in oxytocin cells in suckled rats","volume":"503","author":"Brown","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-0528.1981.tb01019.x","article-title":"Plasma osmolality and urinary concentration and dilution during and after pregnancy: Evidence that lateral recumbency inhibits maximal urinary concentrating ability","volume":"88","author":"Davison","year":"1981","journal-title":"Br. J. Obstet. Gynaecol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"836","DOI":"10.1210\/jcem-51-4-836","article-title":"The effect of nursing on neurohypophyseal hormone and prolactin secretion in human subjects","volume":"51","author":"Weitzman","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"277","article-title":"Changes in plasma arginine vasopressin concentration during lactation in rats","volume":"50","author":"Suzuki","year":"2000","journal-title":"Comp. Med."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"R555","article-title":"Osmoregulation of the magnocellular system during pregnancy and lactation","volume":"264","author":"Koehler","year":"1993","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e14098","DOI":"10.5812\/ijem.14098","article-title":"Hormones and hemodynamics in pregnancy","volume":"12","author":"Tkachenko","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"E352","article-title":"Effect of ovarian sex steroids on osmoregulation and vasopressin secretion in the rat","volume":"250","author":"Barron","year":"1986","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"R478","article-title":"Osmoregulation in pseudopregnant and prolactin-treated rats: Comparison with normal gestation","volume":"254","author":"Barron","year":"1988","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1892","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.136.5.7720635","article-title":"Monoclonal antibodies specific for rat relaxin. VIII. Passive immunization with monoclonal antibodies throughout the second half of pregnancy reduces water consumption in rats","volume":"136","author":"Zhao","year":"1995","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"445","DOI":"10.1210\/endo.140.1.6404","article-title":"Mice without a functional relaxin gene are unable to deliver milk to their pups","volume":"140","author":"Zhao","year":"1999","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1701","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.022647699","article-title":"Circulating relaxin acts on subfornical organ neurons to stimulate water drinking in the rat","volume":"99","author":"Sunn","year":"2002","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1677\/joe.0.1320149","article-title":"Relaxin increases the firing rate of supraoptic neurones and increases oxytocin secretion in the rat","volume":"132","author":"Way","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1038\/75744","article-title":"Excitatory peptides and osmotic pressure modulate mechanosensitive cation channels in concert","volume":"3","author":"Chakfe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2014.07.023","article-title":"Unique interweaved microtubule scaffold mediates osmosensory transduction via physical interaction with TRPV1","volume":"83","author":"Khoutorsky","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6967","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.21-17-06967.2001","article-title":"Responses of magnocellular neurons to osmotic stimulation involves coactivation of excitatory and inhibitory input: An experimental and theoretical analysis","volume":"21","author":"Leng","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1038\/nature01807","article-title":"Anandamide and arachidonic acid use epoxyeicosatrienoic acids to activate TRPV4 channels","volume":"424","author":"Watanabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22698","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(17)31702-7","article-title":"Identification of calmodulin-, Ca2+-, and ruthenium red-binding domains in the Ca2+ release channel (ryanodine receptor) of rabbit skeletal muscle sarcoplasmic reticulum","volume":"269","author":"Chen","year":"1994","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)81248-9","article-title":"Mitochondrial involvement in post-tetanic potentiation of synaptic transmission","volume":"18","author":"Tang","year":"1997","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.1997.sp021862","article-title":"Ca2+ release from internal stores: Role in generating depolarizing after-potentials in rat supraoptic neurones","volume":"498","author":"Li","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2532","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1460-9568.1997.tb01682.x","article-title":"Autoinhibition of supraoptic nucleus vasopressin neurons in vivo: A combined retrodialysis\/electrophysiological study in rats","volume":"9","author":"Ludwig","year":"1997","journal-title":"Eur. J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_53","first-page":"F159","article-title":"Osmoregulation of thirst and vasopressin release in pregnancy","volume":"257","author":"Lindheimer","year":"1989","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"642","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2826.2011.02273.x","article-title":"Region-specific changes in transient receptor potential vanilloid channel expression in the vasopressin magnocellular system in hepatic cirrhosis-induced hyponatraemia","volume":"24","author":"Nedungadi","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neuroendocrinol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1735","DOI":"10.1097\/01.wnr.0000185958.03841.0f","article-title":"Heteromerization and colocalization of TrpV1 and TrpV2 in mammalian cell lines and rat dorsal root ganglia","volume":"16","author":"Rutter","year":"2005","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1085\/jgp.200709731","article-title":"Thermosensitive TRPV channel subunits coassemble into heteromeric channels with intermediate conductance and gating properties","volume":"129","author":"Cheng","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Gen. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Armstrong, W.E., and Tasker, J.G. (2014). Peptidergic control of oxytocin and vasopressin neurons and its role in reproductive and hypertension-associated plasticity. Neurophysiology of Neuroendocrine Neuron, Wiley-Blackwell.","DOI":"10.1002\/9781118606803"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2000.1104","article-title":"In vivo microdialysis for nonapeptides in rat brain\u2014A practical guide","volume":"23","author":"Horn","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5679","DOI":"10.1113\/jphysiol.2009.180232","article-title":"Dehydration-induced modulation of kappa-opioid inhibition of vasopressin neurone activity","volume":"587","author":"Scott","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1087","DOI":"10.1113\/JP271605","article-title":"Attenuated hypothalamic responses to alpha-melanocyte stimulating hormone during pregnancy in the rat","volume":"594","author":"Ladyman","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3862","DOI":"10.1210\/en.2011-1181","article-title":"Kisspeptin activation of supraoptic nucleus neurons in vivo","volume":"152","author":"Scott","year":"2011","journal-title":"Endocrinology"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1113\/JP273051","article-title":"Development of an excitatory kisspeptin projection to the oxytocin system in late pregnancy","volume":"595","author":"Seymour","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Physiol."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/13\/7140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:24:46Z","timestamp":1760163886000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/13\/7140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22137140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22137140","relation":{"has-preprint":[{"id-type":"doi","id":"10.1101\/2021.06.01.446490","asserted-by":"object"}]},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,1]]}}}