{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,12]],"date-time":"2026-08-12T12:49:00Z","timestamp":1786538940585,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":130,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625443200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The host\u2013parasite schistosome relationship relies heavily on the interplay between the strategies imposed by the schistosome worm and the defense mechanisms the host uses to counter the line of attack of the parasite. The ultimate goal of the schistosome parasite entails five important steps: evade elimination tactics, survive within the human host, develop into adult forms, propagate in large numbers, and transmit from one host to the next. The aim of the parasitized host on the other hand is either to cure or limit infection. Therefore, it is a battle between two conflicting aspirations. From the host\u2019s standpoint, infection accompanies a plethora of immunological consequences; some are set in place to defend the host, while most end up promoting chronic disease, which ultimately crosses paths with oxidative stress and cancer. Understanding these networks provides attractive opportunities for anti-schistosome therapeutic development. Hence, this review discusses the mechanisms by which schistosomes modulate the human immune response with ultimate links to oxidative stress and genetic instability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22137216","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]],"date-time":"2021-07-05T22:02:04Z","timestamp":1625522524000},"page":"7216","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":48,"title":["Immunological and Biochemical Interplay between Cytokines, Oxidative Stress and Schistosomiasis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"given":"Priscilla","family":"Masamba","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology (MBSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry, Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2521-8957","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Abidemi Paul","family":"Kappo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Biophysics and Structural Biology (MBSB) Group, Department of Biochemistry, Kingsway Campus, University of Johannesburg, Auckland Park, Johannesburg 2006, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molbiopara.2016.06.003","article-title":"Host parasite communications\u2014messages from helminths for the immune system: Parasite communication and cell-cell interactions","volume":"208","author":"Coakley","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. 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