{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,26]],"date-time":"2026-06-26T22:44:08Z","timestamp":1782513848139,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":154,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625616000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Clinical research aiming at objectively identifying and characterizing diseases via clinical observations and biological and radiological findings is a critical initial research step when establishing objective diagnostic criteria and treatments. Failure to first define such diagnostic criteria may lead research on pathogenesis and etiology to serious confounding biases and erroneous medical interpretations. This is particularly the case for electrohypersensitivity (EHS) and more particularly for the so-called \u201cprovocation tests\u201d, which do not investigate the causal origin of EHS but rather the EHS-associated particular environmental intolerance state with hypersensitivity to man-made electromagnetic fields (EMF). However, because those tests depend on multiple EMF-associated physical and biological parameters and have been conducted in patients without having first defined EHS objectively and\/or endpoints adequately, they cannot presently be considered to be valid pathogenesis research methodologies. Consequently, the negative results obtained by these tests do not preclude a role of EMF exposure as a symptomatic trigger in EHS patients. Moreover, there is no proof that EHS symptoms or EHS itself are caused by psychosomatic or nocebo effects. This international consensus report pleads for the acknowledgement of EHS as a distinct neuropathological disorder and for its inclusion in the WHO International Classification of Diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147321","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,7]],"date-time":"2021-07-07T12:31:25Z","timestamp":1625661085000},"page":"7321","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":20,"title":["The Critical Importance of Molecular Biomarkers and Imaging in the Study of Electrohypersensitivity. A Scientific Consensus International Report"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9132-2077","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique","family":"Belpomme","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Association for Research Against Cancer (ARTAC), 57\/59 rue de la Convention, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"European Cancer and Environment Research Institute (ECERI), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"George L.","family":"Carlo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"The Science and Public Policy Institute, Washington, DC 20006, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Philippe","family":"Irigaray","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Association for Research Against Cancer (ARTAC), 57\/59 rue de la Convention, 75015 Paris, France"},{"name":"European Cancer and Environment Research Institute (ECERI), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4841-394X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David O.","family":"Carpenter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Cancer and Environment Research Institute (ECERI), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Institute for Health and the Environment, University at Albany, Albany, NY 12222, USA"},{"name":"Child Health Research Centre, Faculty of Medicine, The University of Queensland, South Brisbane, QLD 4101, Australia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8131-2337","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lennart","family":"Hardell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Cancer and Environment Research Institute (ECERI), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"The Environment and Cancer Research Foundation, SE-702 17 \u00d6rebro, Sweden"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2707-3213","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Kundi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Public Health, Department of Environmental Health, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"Belyaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Cancer and Environment Research Institute (ECERI), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Science, 845 05 Bratislava, Slovakia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Magda","family":"Havas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"European Cancer and Environment Research Institute (ECERI), 1000 Brussels, Belgium"},{"name":"Trent School of the Environment, Trent University, 1600 West Bank Drive, Peterborough, ON K9J 0G2, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franz","family":"Adlkofer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Verum-Foundation for Behaviour and Environment c\/o Regus Center Josephspitalstrasse 15\/IV, 80331 M\u00fcnchen, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4490-7187","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gunnar","family":"Heuser","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Formerly UCLA Medical Center, Department of Medicine, P.O. 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