{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,5]],"date-time":"2026-03-05T19:18:07Z","timestamp":1772738287115,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":121,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"14","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1625788800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Non-Hodgkin B-cell lymphomas (NHL) are a heterogeneous group of lymphoid neoplasms with complex etiopathology, rich symptomatology, and a variety of clinical courses, therefore requiring different therapeutic approaches. The hypothesis that an infectious agent may initiate chronic inflammation and facilitate B lymphocyte transformation and lymphogenesis has been raised in recent years. Viruses, like EBV, HTLV-1, HIV, HCV and parasites, like Plasmodium falciparum, have been linked to the development of lymphomas. The association of chronic Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) infection with mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma, Borrelia burgdorferi with cutaneous MALT lymphoma and Chlamydophila psittaci with ocular adnexal MALT lymphoma is well documented. Recent studies have indicated that other infectious agents may also be relevant in B-cell lymphogenesis such as Coxiella burnettii, Campylobacter jejuni, Achromobacter xylosoxidans, and Escherichia coli. The aim of the present review is to provide a summary of the current literature on infectious bacterial agents associated with B-cell NHL and to discuss its role in lymphogenesis, taking into account the interaction between infectious agents, host factors, and the tumor environment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22147372","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]],"date-time":"2021-07-09T04:14:57Z","timestamp":1625804097000},"page":"7372","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Bacterial Infection and Non-Hodgkin B-Cell Lymphoma: Interactions between Pathogen, Host and the Tumor Environment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"22","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3161-3398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika Maria","family":"Biernat","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6612-3535","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomasz","family":"Wr\u00f3bel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Haematology, Blood Neoplasms and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-367 Wroclaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yexmp.2018.11.008","article-title":"Molecular and cellular genetics of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: Diagnostic and prognostic implications","volume":"106","author":"Pratap","year":"2019","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1007\/s11864-019-0687-5","article-title":"Marginal Zone Lymphoma: State-of-the-Art Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Sindel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2375","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-01-643569","article-title":"The 2016 revision of the World Health Organization classification of lymphoid neoplasms","volume":"127","author":"Swerdlow","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-12-624304","article-title":"The spectrum of MALT lymphoma at different sites: Biological and therapeutic relevance","volume":"127","author":"Zucca","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.3322\/caac.21330","article-title":"Clinicopathologic characteristics and treatment of marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa- associated lymphoid tissue (MALT lymphoma)","volume":"66","author":"Raderer","year":"2016","journal-title":"CA Cancer J. Clin."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117398","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2020.117398","article-title":"Bacteria and cancer: Different sides of the same coin","volume":"1","author":"Laliani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.5603\/FHC.2011.0036","article-title":"Anaerobic bacteria colonizing the lower airways Anaerobic bacteria colonizing the lower airways in lung cancer patients in lung cancer patients","volume":"49","author":"Rybojad","year":"2011","journal-title":"Folia Histochem Cytobiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Karpi\u0144ski, T.M. (2019). Role of Oral Microbiota in Cancer Development. Microorganisms, 7.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms7010020"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S87","DOI":"10.1179\/102453312X13336169155934","article-title":"Lymphomas and leukemias due to infectious organisms","volume":"17","author":"Levine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hematology"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-319-13150-4_1","article-title":"Epidemiology and etiology of Non-Hodgkin lymphoma","volume":"165","author":"Chiu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cancer Treat. Res."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"991","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmi.2015.07.020","article-title":"Infection-associated non-Hodgkin lymphomas","volume":"21","author":"Suarez","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-018-0180-y","article-title":"The role of bacteria in cancer therapy\u2014Enemies in the past, but allies at present","volume":"13","author":"Song","year":"2018","journal-title":"Infect. Agent Cancer"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1460","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2016.149252","article-title":"\u2018Trained immunity\u2019: Consequences for lymphoid malignancies","volume":"101","author":"Stevens","year":"2016","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2020.1760786","article-title":"Bacterial infection and non-Hodgkin\u2019s lymphoma","volume":"46","author":"Melenotte","year":"2020","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2796.2009.02083.x","article-title":"Infectious agents and lymphoma development: Molecular and clinical aspects","volume":"265","author":"Ferreri","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1523-5378.2007.00574.x","article-title":"Colonization and infection by Helicobacter pylori in humans","volume":"12","author":"Andersen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"1","article-title":"Update on the management of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"17","author":"Saleem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Treat. Options Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_18","first-page":"429","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"22","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dtsch. Arztebl. Int."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2017.12.006","article-title":"Gastrointestinal lymphomas: French Intergroup clinical practice recommendations for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up (SNFGE, FFCD, GERCOR, UNICANCER, SFCD, SFED, SFRO, SFH)","volume":"50","author":"Fabiani","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Floch, P., Magraud, F., and Lehours, P. (2017). Helicobacter pylori strains and gastric MALT Lymphoma. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9040132"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12741","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12741","article-title":"Extragastric diseases and Helicobacter pylori","volume":"25","author":"Pellicano","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8181","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v19.i45.8181","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma: Recent progress in pathogenesis and management","volume":"7","author":"Nakamura","year":"2013","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e12736","DOI":"10.1111\/hel.12736","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"25","author":"Denic","year":"2020","journal-title":"Helicobacter"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e125","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2013.22","article-title":"Detection of the Helicobacter pylori CagA protein in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma cells: Clinical and biological significance","volume":"3","author":"Kuo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Backert, S., and Tegtmeyer, N. (2017). Type IV secretion and signal transduction of Helicobacter pylori CagA through interactions with host cell receptors. Toxins, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins9040115"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kuo, S.H., Wu, M.S., Yeh, K.H., Lin, C.W., Hsu, P.N., Chen, L.T., and Cheng, A.L. (2019). Novel insights of lymphomagenesis of Helicobacter pylori-dependent gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11040547"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1097\/PAS.0000000000000437","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori CagA translocation is closely associated with the expression of CagA-signaling molecules in low-grade gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"39","author":"Kuo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Am. J. Surg Pathol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2324","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1572-0241.2001.04036.x","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori and gastric lymphoma: High seroprevalence of CagA in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma but not in low-grade lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type","volume":"96","author":"Delchier","year":"2001","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2016-04-713719","article-title":"Expressions of the CagA protein and CagA-signaling molecules predict Helicobacter pylori dependence of early-stage gastric DLBCL","volume":"129","author":"Kuo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(97)70223-3","article-title":"Clinical and pathological importance of heterogeneity in vacA, the vacuolating cytotoxine gene of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"112","author":"Atherton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejim.2013.02.011","article-title":"The role of Helicobacter pylori infection in hematological disorders","volume":"24","author":"Papagiannakis","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2013-0021","article-title":"Overexpression of Helicobacetr pylori VacA N-terminal fragment induces proinflammatory cytokine expression and apoptosis in human monocytic cell line through activation of NF-kB","volume":"59","author":"Luo","year":"2013","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"867","DOI":"10.1038\/ajg.2011.1","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori cagA and vacA genotypes as predictors of progression of gastric preneoplastic lesions: A long-term follow-up in a high- rise area in Spain","volume":"106","author":"Gonzalez","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"835","article-title":"Expression and antigenic evaluation of vacA antigenic fragment of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"16","author":"Hasanzadeh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Iran. J. Basic Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","first-page":"5578","article-title":"Pathogenesis and clinical management of Helicobacter pylori gastric infection","volume":"7","author":"Soares","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1242\/dmm.027649","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric pathology: Insights from in vivo and ex vivo models","volume":"10","author":"Burkitt","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dis. Model. Mech."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2870","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v23.i16.2870","article-title":"Strategies used by Helicobacter pylori to establish persistent infection","volume":"23","author":"Abadi","year":"2017","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v24.i16.1725","article-title":"Nucleotide-binding oligomerization domain 1 and Helicobacter pylori infection: A review","volume":"24","author":"Minaga","year":"2018","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14858","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71792-3","article-title":"APRIL-producing eosinophils are involved in gastric MALT lymphomagenesis induced by Helicobacter sp infection","volume":"9","author":"Blosse","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.3816\/CLM.2001.n.012","article-title":"Molecular aspects of B-cell lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract","volume":"2","author":"Barth","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Lymphoma."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1186","DOI":"10.1038\/leu.2010.76","article-title":"B-cell receptor signaling and CD40 ligand-independent T cell help cooperate in Helicobacter-induced MALT lymphomagenesis","volume":"24","author":"Craig","year":"2010","journal-title":"Leukemia"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6612","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2010-06-293266","article-title":"Tumor-associated macrophages as major source of APRIL in gastric MALT lymphoma","volume":"117","author":"Munari","year":"2011","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.00487","article-title":"The role of PD-1 in acute and chronic infection","volume":"11","author":"Jubel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1198","DOI":"10.1128\/CVI.00422-10","article-title":"Expression of CD25(high) regulatory T cells and PD-1 in gastric infiltrating CD4(+) T lymphocytes in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"18","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Clin. Vaccine Immunol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3909","DOI":"10.2147\/CMAR.S203035","article-title":"Relationship between Helicobacter pylori and expression of programmed death-1 and its ligand in gastric intraepithelial neoplasia and early-stage gastric cancer","volume":"11","author":"Shen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cancer Manag. Res."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holokai, L., Chakrabarti, J., Broda, T., Chang, J., Hawkins, J.A., Sundaram, N., Wroblewski, L.E., Peek, R.M., Wang, J., and Helmrath, M. (2019). Increased programmed death-ligand 1 is an early epithelial cell response to Helicobacter pylori infection. PLoS Pathog., 15.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1007468"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"eXX","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2014.70","article-title":"Genetic polymorphisms and tissue expression of interleukin-22 associated with risk and therapeutic response of gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Liao","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i3.684","article-title":"Role of Helicobacter pylori in gastric mucosa associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas","volume":"20","author":"Pereira","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1038\/modpathol.2012.134","article-title":"Chemokine receptors in gastric MALT lymphoma: Loss of CXCR4 and upregulation of CXCR7 is associated with progression to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"26","author":"Deutsch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mod. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Blosse, A., Levy, M., Robe, C., Staedel, C., Copie-Bergman, C., and Lehours, P. (2019). Deregulation of miRNA in Helicobacter pylori-induced gastric MALT lymphoma: From Mice to Human. J. Clin. Med., 8.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8060845"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3616","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-10-3907","article-title":"Epigenetic silencing of microRNA-203 dysregulates ABL1 expression and drives Helicobacter-associated gastric lymphomagenesis","volume":"71","author":"Craig","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saito, Y., Suzuki, H., Tsugawa, H., Imaeda, H., Matsuzaki, J., Hirata, K., Hosoe, N., Nakamura, M., Mukai, M., and Saito, H. (2012). Overexpression of miR-142-5p and miR-155 in gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma resistant to Helicobacter pylori eradication. PLoS ONE, 7.","DOI":"10.1371\/annotation\/53d1898f-d0ae-4e5c-a585-c084a5c881bf"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1016\/j.semcancer.2013.09.004","article-title":"Marginal zone lymphomas and infectious agents","volume":"23","author":"Ferreri","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Cancer Biol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.1159\/000195698","article-title":"Methylation of p16INK4A and mitotic arrest defective protein 2 (MAD2) genes in gastric marginal-zone B-cell lymphomas","volume":"120","author":"Park","year":"2008","journal-title":"Acta Haematol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.1097\/PPO.0000000000000047","article-title":"Intestinal microbiome and lymphoma development","volume":"20","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1007\/s12038-020-00078-7","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori: Perturbation and restoration of gut microbiome","volume":"45","author":"Saxena","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Biosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S243337","article-title":"The bacterial microbiota of gastrointestinal cancers: Role in cancer pathogenesis and therapeutic perspectives","volume":"13","author":"Elsalem","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s40364-020-00211-6","article-title":"Bidirectional interaction between intestinal microbiome and cancer: Opportunities for therapeutic interventions","volume":"8","author":"Dutta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biomark Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.annonc.2019.10.010","article-title":"ESMO Guidelines Committee. Marginal zone lymphomas: ESMO Clinical Practice Guidelines for diagnosis, treatment and follow-up","volume":"31","author":"Zucca","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312288","article-title":"European Helicobacter and Microbiota Study Group and Consensus panel. Management of Helicobacter pylori infection-the Maastricht V\/Florence Consensus Report","volume":"66","author":"Malfertheiner","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.1016\/0140-6736(93)91409-F","article-title":"Regression of primary low-grade B-cell gastric lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue type after eradication of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"342","author":"Wotherspoon","year":"1993","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1007\/s00277-014-2298-3","article-title":"Antibiotic treatment as sole management of Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric MALT lymphoma: A single center experience with prolonged follow-up","volume":"94","author":"Raderer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3773","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i13.3773","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori eradication in gastric diffuse large B cell lymphoma","volume":"21","author":"Paydas","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"395","article-title":"Gastric malt lymphoma: Analysis of a series of consecutive patients over 20 years","volume":"4","author":"Moleiro","year":"2016","journal-title":"UE Gastroenterol. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8014","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v21.i26.8014","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-negative gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphomas: A review","volume":"21","author":"Asano","year":"2015","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-302254","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori resistance to antibiotics in Europe and its relationship to antibiotic consumption","volume":"62","author":"Megraud","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krzy\u017cek, P., Pawe\u0142ka, D., Iwa\u0144czak, B., Kempi\u0144ski, R., Le\u015bniakowski, K., M\u00e9graud, F., \u0141aczma\u0144ski, \u0141., Biernat, M., and Go\u015bciniak, G. (2020). High primary antibiotic resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains isolated from pediatric and adult patients in Poland during 2016\u20132018. Antibiotics, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics9050228"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1097\/PAI.0000000000000839","article-title":"PTEN loss and cyclin A2 upregulation define a PI3K\/AKT pathway activation in Helicobacter pylori-induced MALT and DLBCL gastric lymphoma with features of MALT","volume":"29","author":"Younes","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Immunohistochem. Mol. Morphol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3858","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2012-06-438424","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori eradication as exclusive treatment for limited-stage gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: Results of multicenter phase 2 trial","volume":"120","author":"Ferreri","year":"2012","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e349","DOI":"10.3324\/haematol.2019.228775","article-title":"Taiwan Cooperative Oncology Group A multicenter prospective study of first-line antibiotic therapy for early-stage gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma with histological evidence of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","volume":"105","author":"Tsai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Haematologica"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e220","DOI":"10.1038\/bcj.2014.40","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori-related diffuse large B-cell lymphoma of the stomach: A distinct entity with lower aggressiveness and higher chemosensitivity","volume":"4","author":"Kuo","year":"2014","journal-title":"Blood Cancer J."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, Y., Xiao, Y., Zhou, R., Liao, Y., Zhou, J., and Ma, X. (2019). Prognostic significance of Helicobacter pylori-infection in gastric diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. BMC Cancer, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12885-019-6067-5"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1080\/08880018.2020.1779884","article-title":"Primary gastric lymphoma: A report of 16 pediatric cases treated at a single institute and review of the literature","volume":"37","author":"Kurucu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatr. Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5746","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.15.5746","article-title":"Complete remission of gastric Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma after eradication of Helicobacter pylori","volume":"15","author":"Baumgaertner","year":"2009","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"444","DOI":"10.1002\/mpo.10319","article-title":"Med Primary gastric Burkitt lymphoma in childhood: Associated with Helicobacter pylori?","volume":"41","author":"Moschovi","year":"2003","journal-title":"Pediatr. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-020-01278-2","article-title":"Endoscopic ultrasound-guided diagnosis of Helicobacter pylori-associated gastric Burkitt\u2019s lymphoma in an adolescent patient: A rare case","volume":"14","author":"Ruan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"888","DOI":"10.1002\/pbc.21201","article-title":"Helicobacter pylori associated gastric Burkitt lymphoma","volume":"50","author":"Grewal","year":"2008","journal-title":"Pediatr. Blood Cancer."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12818","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v20.i36.12818","article-title":"Hematologic manifestations of Helicobacter pylori infection","volume":"20","year":"2014","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2274","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2004-07-2755","article-title":"Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease (IPSID): A model for mature B-cell neoplasms","volume":"105","year":"2005","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1177","DOI":"10.4269\/ajtmh.15-0831","article-title":"Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease associated with overwhelming polymicrobial gastrointestinal infection with transformation to diffuse large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"94","author":"Ewers","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Trop Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa031887","article-title":"Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease associated with Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"350","author":"Lecuit","year":"2004","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2012.03.020","article-title":"Immunoproliferative small intestinal disease associated with Campylobacter jejuni","volume":"44","author":"Mesnard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1515\/dx-2017-0004","article-title":"IgA plasmablastic large B-cell lymphoma","volume":"4","author":"Roncati","year":"2017","journal-title":"Diagnosis"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10409","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10974-5","article-title":"Campylobacter sp.: Pathogenicity factors and prevention methods-new molecular targets for innovative antivirulence drugs?","volume":"104","author":"Kreling","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2018-317200","article-title":"Campylobacter jejuni promotes colorectal tumorigenesis through the action of cytolethal distending toxin","volume":"68","author":"He","year":"2019","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"1379","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi in primary cutaneous lymphomas: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"18","author":"Travaglino","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dtsch. Dermatol. Ges."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"84","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2016.07.002","article-title":"Epidemiology and environmental aspects of marginal zone lymphomas","volume":"30","author":"Sriskandarajah","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"988","DOI":"10.3389\/fonc.2020.00988","article-title":"Diagnostic Workup of Primary Cutaneous B Cell Lymphomas: A Clinician\u2019s Approach","volume":"10","author":"Ferranti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1097\/00000372-200402000-00002","article-title":"Differential diagnosis of cutaneous infiltrates of B lymphocytes with follicular growth pattern","volume":"26","author":"Leinweber","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Dermatopathol."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1111\/j.0303-6987.2003.00167.x","article-title":"Borrelia burgdorferi-associated lymphocytoma cutis: Clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic, and molecular study of 106 cases","volume":"31","author":"Colli","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Cutan. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"178","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(10)62241-6","article-title":"Within European margins","volume":"377","author":"Aberer","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcp\/aqz181","article-title":"Prevalence of Chlamydia psittaci, Chlamydia pneumoniae, and Chlamydia trachomatis determined by molecular testing in ocular adnexa lymphoma specimens","volume":"153","author":"Travaglino","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"949","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bjc.6603981","article-title":"Chlamydiae and Mycoplasma infections in pulmonary MALT lymphoma","volume":"97","author":"Chanudet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1093\/jnci\/djh102","article-title":"Evidence for an association between Chlamydia psittaci and ocular adnexal lymphomas","volume":"96","author":"Ferreri","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Natl. Cancer Inst."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"577","DOI":"10.1080\/10428190601132105","article-title":"Lack of an association between Chlamydia psittaci and ocular adnexal lymphoma","volume":"48","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Leuk. Lymphoma"},{"key":"ref_96","first-page":"912","article-title":"Regression of uterine cervical diffuse large B-cell lymphoma transformed from mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma subsequent to Chlamydia trachomatis eradication","volume":"58","author":"Mutoh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rinsho Ketsueki"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.beha.2016.11.002","article-title":"Ocular adnexal marginal zone lymphoma: Clinical presentation, pathogenesis, diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment","volume":"30","author":"Sassone","year":"2017","journal-title":"Best Pract. Res. Clin. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1186\/1750-9378-7-8","article-title":"Chlamydia psittaci in ocular adnexa MALT lymphoma: A possible role in lymphomagenesis and a different geographical distribution","volume":"7","author":"Collina","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Agent Cancer"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1007\/s10238-017-0474-1","article-title":"Ocular adnexal marginal zone lymphoma of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue","volume":"18","author":"Kalogeropoulos","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2988","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2011.41.4466","article-title":"Chlamydophila psittaci eradication with doxycycline as first-line targeted therapy for ocular adnexae lymphoma: Final results of an international phase II trial","volume":"30","author":"Ferreri","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sanguedolce, F., Zanelli, M., Zizzo, M., Bisagni, A., Soriano, A., Cocco, G., Palicelli, A., Santandrea, G., Caprera, C., and Corsi, M. (2021). Primary pulmonary B-cell lymphoma: A review and update. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13030415"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1111\/bjh.12703","article-title":"Prevalence of Achromobacter xylosoxidans in pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma in different regions of Europe","volume":"164","author":"Adam","year":"2014","journal-title":"Br. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"789","DOI":"10.2169\/internalmedicine.9430-17","article-title":"Achromobacter infection is rare in Japanese patients with pulmonary B-cell lymphoma","volume":"57","author":"Aoyama","year":"2018","journal-title":"Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cools, P., Ho, E., Vranckx, K., Schelstraete, P., Wurth, B., Franckx, H., Ieven, G., Van Simaey, L., Van Daele, S., and Verhulst, S. (2016). Epidemic Achromobacter xylosoxidans strain among Belgian cystic fibrosis patients and review of literature. BMC Microbiol., 16.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-016-0736-1"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13027-021-00351-w","article-title":"No evidence for a pathogen associated with pulmonary MALT lymphoma: A metagenomics investigation","volume":"16","author":"Borie","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Agent Cancer."},{"key":"ref_106","first-page":"755","article-title":"Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma and Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection: An unusual case and a review of the literature","volume":"52","author":"Klein","year":"2007","journal-title":"Respir. Care"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1002\/ajh.20136","article-title":"Bronchus-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma arising in a patient with bronchiectasis and chronic Mycobacterium avium infection","volume":"77","author":"Gaur","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Hematol."},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1378\/chest.09-2358","article-title":"Two cases with pulmonary mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma successfully treated with clarithromycin","volume":"138","author":"Ishimatsu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.1002\/hon.2243","article-title":"A retrospective international study on primary extranodal marginal zone lymphoma of the lung (BALT lymphoma) on behalf of International Extranodal Lymphoma Study Group (IELSG)","volume":"34","author":"Sammassimo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Hematol. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2016006","DOI":"10.4084\/mjhid.2016.006","article-title":"Infectious aetiology of Marginal Zone Lymphoma and role of anti-infective therapy","volume":"8","author":"Perrone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mediterr. J. Hematol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_111","first-page":"49","article-title":"MALT lymphoma of the urinary bladder shows a dramatic female predominance, uneven geographic distribution, and possible infectious etiology","volume":"13","author":"Lyapichev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Res. Rep. Urol."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"554","DOI":"10.1136\/jcp.55.7.554","article-title":"Extranodal marginal zone B cell lymphoma of MALT type involving the mucosa of both the urinary bladder and stomach","volume":"55","author":"Aepinus","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.4103\/0974-7796.152947","article-title":"Primary bladder lymphoma, diffuse large B-cell type: Case report and literature review of 26 cases","volume":"7","author":"Simpson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol. Ann."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e304","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2012.46.4800","article-title":"Antibiotic therapy-induced remission of bladder mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma carrying t(11;18)(q21;q21) apoptosis inhibitor 2-MALT1","volume":"31","author":"Lucioni","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_115","first-page":"783","article-title":"Regression of mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma of the bladder after antibiotic therapy: A case report","volume":"54","author":"Fujimura","year":"2008","journal-title":"Hinyokika Kiyo."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1566","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.01566","article-title":"UroPathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) infections: Virulence factors, bladder responses, antibiotic, and non-antibiotic antimicrobial strategies","volume":"8","author":"Terlizzi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6976.2012.00339.x","article-title":"Host-pathogen checkpoints and population bottlenecks in persistent and intracellular uropathogenic Escherichia coli bladder infection","volume":"36","author":"Hannan","year":"2012","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol Rev."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e211","DOI":"10.1016\/S2352-3026(18)30038-3","article-title":"Exposure to Coxiella burnetii and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma: A retrospective population-based analysis in the Netherlands","volume":"5","author":"Donkers","year":"2018","journal-title":"Lancet Haematol."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1182\/blood-2015-04-639617","article-title":"B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma linked to Coxiella burnetii","volume":"127","author":"Melenotte","year":"2016","journal-title":"Blood"},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2019.00219","article-title":"High concentrations of serum soluble E-Cadherin in patients with Q Fever","volume":"21","author":"Mezouar","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Melenotte, C., Mezouar, S., Ben Amara, A., Benatti, S., Chiaroni, J., Devaux, C., Costello, R., Kroemer, G., Mege, J.L., and Raoult, D. (2019). A transcriptional signature associated with non-Hodgkin lymphoma in the blood of patients with Q fever. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0217542"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/14\/7372\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T06:28:13Z","timestamp":1760164093000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/22\/14\/7372"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]},"references-count":121,"journal-issue":{"issue":"14","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2021,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms22147372"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms22147372","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2021,7,9]]}}}